Masters in Public Health entrance exam preparation SET 2

Q1

What is the total number of goals outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

A

21 goals

B

15 goals

C

30 goals

D

17 goals

Q2

What is the most significant indicator of fertility?

A

Family Size

B

Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)

C

Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)

D

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

Q3

Which of the following is commonly referred to as the 'global silent killer disease'?

A

COVID-19

B

HIV/AIDS

C

Diabetes

D

Hypertension

Q4

What term is used to describe the sudden and unprecedented rise in fertility rates following World War II?

A

Age heaping

B

Baby boom

C

Baby bust

D

None of the above

Q5

A stratified sample is typically employed when the population is

A

Heterogeneous in characteristics

B

Homogeneous in characteristics

C

Very large

D

Too small

Q6

What is the principal objective of supervision, monitoring, and evaluation in health programs?

A

Excluding community involvement

B

Exclusively monitoring financial aspects

C

To ensure program efficiency and effectiveness

D

Disregarding program effectiveness

Q7

In a statistical analysis, dispersion data is best measured by which of the following?

A

The geometric mean

B

The mode

C

The standard error of the mean

D

The range

Q8

Which of the following parasites is responsible for causing amoebic dysentery?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

B

Giardia lamblia

C

Shigella spp.

D

Ascaris lumbricoides

Q9

Hydrops Fetalis is associated with which alpha-globin genotype?

A

One alpha-globin gene deleted (-α / αα)

B

Two alpha-globin genes deleted (- - / αα)

C

Three alpha-globin genes deleted (- - / - α)

D

Four alpha-globin genes deleted (- - / - -)

Q10

A pattern of control values that continues to either increase or decrease over a period of six consecutive days is called:

A

Standard Deviation

B

Trend

C

Coefficient of Variation

D

Shift

Q11

What is the principal significance of population studies in public health?

A

Establishing individualized health guidelines

B

Focusing exclusively on medical interventions

C

Isolating health issues from their broader societal context

D

Analyzing demographic trends and patterns to inform evidence-based decision-making

Q12

A 'sentinel surveillance' system is primarily utilized for which of the following?

A

Recording vaccination rates within a population.

B

Tracking the global distribution of specific diseases.

C

Monitoring key health indicators and facilitating the early detection of potential health issues.

D

Investigating the genetic composition of populations.

Q13

Which formula is used to calculate the coefficient of variation?

A

Standard deviation multiplied by 100 divided by the standard error

B

Variance multiplied by 100 divided by the mean

C

Mean multiplied by 100 divided by the standard deviation

D

Standard deviation multiplied by 100 divided by the mean

Q14

Which of the following antimicrobial drugs is commonly used to target bacterial infections?

A

Acetaminophen, an analgesic and antipyretic

B

Ibuprofen, an anti-inflammatory agent

C

Penicillin, an antibiotic

D

Diphenhydramine, an antihistamine

Q15

What is the primary mechanism underlying the toxicity of carbon monoxide?

A

Depletion of glutathione stores

B

Inhibition of hemoglobin's oxygen-binding capacity

C

Disruption of the electron transport chain via inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase activity

D

Activation of apoptotic pathways

Q16

Which statement best defines herd immunity?

A

Herd immunity occurs when a sufficient percentage of a population is immune, thereby protecting those who are not immune.

B

Herd immunity can only be achieved through vaccination, not through previous infection.

C

A disease no longer affects individuals under the age of 18 years.

D

Isolation measures are the same as herd immunity.

Q17

Control measures in an outbreak investigation refer to which of the following?

A

Legal actions taken to impose travel restrictions during an outbreak.

B

Actions implemented to limit the spread of the disease and mitigate its impact.

C

Strategies aimed at identifying and recruiting new healthcare personnel.

D

The allocation of financial resources for outbreak investigations.

Q18

The social determinants of health are examined in public health research to

A

Focus exclusively on the medical treatment of diseases

B

Understand how factors such as income, education, and environmental conditions influence health outcomes

C

Examine solely individual-level health behaviors

D

Explore genetic predispositions to diseases

Q19

What is the primary function of personal protective equipment (PPE) in occupational health?

A

To actively monitor employee health conditions

B

To boost employee morale within the organization

C

To enhance operational efficiency in the workplace

D

To safeguard employees against potential workplace hazards

Q20

What is the primary purpose of a control group in a clinical trial?

A

To enhance the sample size of the study

B

To receive the experimental intervention

C

To enhance the accuracy of the results

D

To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group

Q21

What type of hazard is most commonly associated with working in a chemical laboratory?

A

Exposure to ionizing radiation

B

Occupational exposure to chemicals

C

Musculoskeletal disorders

D

Noise-induced hearing loss

Q22

What is the primary direct route of transmission for Hepatitis A?

A

Fecal-oral route (via contaminated food, water, or direct contact)

B

Sexual transmission (primarily through certain high-risk practices)

C

Parenteral route (e.g., blood transfusions, needle sharing)

D

All of the above

Q23

Which of the following represents a significant public health concern in low-income countries?

A

High-fat diets and related nutritional issues

B

Inadequate mental health care services

C

Lack of access to clean drinking water and adequate sanitation

D

Excessive use of electronic devices

Q24

What is the primary focus of conflict theory within the field of sociology?

A

Power struggles and inequalities among different social groups

B

The influence and impact of social institutions on societal structures

C

The process by which individuals learn and internalize social norms

D

The social roles and functions that promote social stability

Q25

In epidemiology, what does the population attributable risk measure?

A

The total number of disease cases in the population.

B

The proportion of a population's disease risk attributable to a specific exposure.

C

The difference in disease incidence between exposed and unexposed groups.

D

The average risk of disease in the unexposed group.

Q26

Morbidity in the context of public health refers to which of the following?

A

The effectiveness of public health interventions

B

The incidence or prevalence of a disease or health condition within a population

C

The number of deaths within a population

D

The level of access to healthcare services within a population

Q27

Health communication strategies are principally intended to achieve which of the following goals?

A

Disseminating health-related information to individuals and communities to encourage the adoption of healthy behaviors

B

Investigating and studying the genetic and molecular causes of diseases

C

Treating diseases within healthcare facilities and clinical environments

D

Providing educational programs to train healthcare professionals in medical techniques and procedures

Q28

What term is commonly used to refer to an illness or disorder resulting from medical treatment or intervention?

A

Infective dose

B

Source of infection

C

Zoonotic

D

Iatrogenic

Q29

Which of the following best describes a cross-sectional study in the field of public health?

A

A study that collects data at a single point in time to assess the health status of a population

B

A clinical trial designed to test the effectiveness of a new drug

C

A case-control study comparing individuals with and without a specific disease

D

A longitudinal study that follows individuals over time to observe changes in health outcomes

Q30

Which frequency measure represents the number of deaths in a population during a specified time period?

A

Prevalence rate

B

Case fatality rate

C

Mortality rate

D

Attack rate

Q31

The exponential growth model assumes that a population grows at a rate that is:

A

A rate that varies and decreases over time

B

A rate influenced by environmental factors

C

A constant rate that accounts for migration factors

D

A constant rate over time

Q32

What is the primary role of data mining in the field of Health Informatics?

A

The collection of patient data for documentation and record-keeping purposes.

B

The training of healthcare personnel on the use of new software applications.

C

The monitoring and analysis of medication usage patterns among patients.

D

The analysis of large datasets to identify patterns and derive meaningful insights.

Q33

What is the primary objective of family planning programs within the context of public health?

A

Restricting health education for women

B

Ensuring access to reproductive health services and contraceptive methods

C

Prioritizing child care without addressing reproductive health

D

Promoting larger family sizes

Q34

Which of the following global health challenges do international health organizations prioritize for control and mitigation?

A

Overuse of antibiotics in high-income countries

B

Lack of access to vaccines, particularly in developed countries

C

Maternal mortality and childhood malnutrition

D

Non-communicable diseases, including conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes

Q35

Which sociologist is most renowned for their work on social class and the role of capitalism in shaping society?

A

George Herbert Mead (1863 - 1931)

B

Herbert Spencer (1820 - 1903)

C

Karl Marx (1818 - 1883)

D

Max Weber (1864 - 1920)

Q36

Which of the following is considered a component of health system management?

A

Concentrating solely on medical treatment protocols

B

Focusing only on specialized care in urban areas

C

Reducing government funding for healthcare programs

D

Monitoring healthcare financing, human resources, and service delivery

Q37

What is the responsibility of public health administrators in ensuring the quality of healthcare services?

A

Developing quality standards, monitoring healthcare performance, and optimizing service delivery

B

Concentrating exclusively on private healthcare institutions

C

Overseeing solely the financial aspects of healthcare

D

Restricting quality assessments geographically

Q38

Which of the following most accurately describes the process of project evaluation?

A

Developing plans for subsequent projects.

B

Evaluating the effectiveness and impact of a project upon its completion.

C

Defining the objectives and goals of a project.

D

Focusing exclusively on the project's financial aspects.

Q39

Which of the following approaches is commonly utilized to evaluate the outcomes of a public health project?

A

Administering surveys and conducting interviews to evaluate health improvements

B

Examining the minutes and outcomes of stakeholder meetings

C

Assessing the adherence to the project timeline

D

Analyzing financial reports exclusively

Q40

Which of the following represents an essential element of crisis management in public health?

A

Limiting communication with the public during crises

B

Preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation strategies

C

Focusing solely on recovery efforts following a crisis

D

Ignoring social and environmental factors during planning

Q41

Implementation of a Health Project Involves Which of the Following Key Actions?

A

Conducting an evaluation prior to project implementation.

B

Revising project objectives during the implementation phase.

C

Restricting participation from local communities.

D

Executing the planned activities and ensuring the effective utilization of resources.

Q42

What is the causative organism of malaria?

A

Yersinia pestis

B

Plasmodium spp.

C

Culex spp.

D

Anopheles spp.

Q43

During which phases is a formative evaluation in public health projects typically conducted?

A

Primarily during the planning and implementation phases to enhance the design and execution of the project.

B

During the preparation of the final report.

C

Following the identification of a specific problem or challenge.

D

At the conclusion of the project to evaluate its overall effectiveness.

Q44

The primary objective of the implementation phase in a public health project is focused on:

A

Conducting an assessment of the population's health needs

B

Executing the planned activities in an effective and efficient manner

C

Developing new objectives in response to emerging trends

D

Revising the project timeline as needed

Q45

What percentage of Nepal's healthcare expenditure is attributed to private sources, primarily out-of-pocket payments?

A

Approximately 40%

B

Approximately 30%

C

Approximately 70%

D

Approximately 50%

Q46

Which groups are eligible to enroll under Nepal's National Health Insurance Program?

A

Only pregnant women and children

B

Urban populations exclusively

C

Only government employees

D

All Nepali citizens, with subsidized premiums for low-income and vulnerable groups

Q47

What is a major component of primary health care?

A

Advanced and expensive diagnostic procedures

B

Specialized hospital-based treatments

C

Medical tourism

D

Immunization programs

Q48

Which of the following is NOT an absolute contraindication for the use of oral contraceptive pills?

A

Breast cancer

B

History of thrombo-embolism

C

Nursing mothers

D

Cardiac abnormalities

Q49

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCPs)?

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

B

Acute or chronic liver disease

C

Severe renal disease

D

Epilepsy with vascular risks

Q50

What is the primary focus of occupational health?

A

Prevention of work-related injuries and occupational diseases

B

Promotion and maintenance of workers' physical, mental, and social well-being

C

Prevention of non-work-related diseases

D

Treatment of occupational injuries

Q51

What is the study of the functions of body parts called?

A

Physiology

B

Homeostasis

C

Histology

D

Metabolism

Q52

Which of the following methods does not remove temporary hardness of water?

A

Filtration

B

Boiling

C

Permutit process

D

Addition of lime

Q53

Which of the following indicators is NOT included in the Human Poverty Index (HPI)?

A

Probability of not surviving to age 40

B

Percentage of underweight children under the age of five

C

Percentage of the population without access to safe water supply

D

Occupation or type of work

Q54

What is the sum of the deviations about the mean?

A

Zero

B

Maximum

C

Minimum

D

One

Q55

On which date is World Health Day observed annually?

A

June 5th (5th of June)

B

January 11th (11th of January)

C

December 1st (1st of December)

D

April 7th (7th of April)

Q56

Ingestion of which of the following can result in ergotism?

A

Rye

B

Kesari dal

C

Mustard

D

Maize

Q57

Within the human digestive system, which organ is primarily responsible for producing the majority of digestive enzymes and hormones?

A

Liver

B

Ileum

C

Pancreas

D

Small Intestine

Q58

Which of the following analytical approaches focuses on examining the inputs and outputs of a project?

A

Cost analysis (evaluation of financial expenditures)

B

Cost-utility analysis (evaluation of costs relative to outcomes or utilities)

C

Cost-benefit analysis (assessment of costs versus benefits)

D

Cost-minimization analysis (identification of cost-reduction opportunities)

Q59

What term is used to refer to the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean?

A

Standard Error of the Mean (SEM)

B

Mode

C

Standard deviation

D

Median

Q60

What is the first step in the strategic planning process for health services?

A

Setting SMART objectives

B

Defining the vision and mission

C

Conducting a situation analysis

D

Implementing the strategy

Q61

Which of the following is a common physical health consequence of gender-based violence?

A

Improved access to healthcare services.

B

Chronic pain and physical disabilities.

C

Increased risk of contracting infectious diseases.

D

Mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.

Q62

What is regional epidemiology primarily used for in public health?

A

To study individual disease cases

B

To conduct clinical trials

C

To identify regional disease patterns and inform public health interventions

D

To develop medications

Q63

Which of the following is a common pitfall when drawing conclusions in research and biostatistics within public health?

A

Making causal inferences from observational data.

B

Drawing conclusions that go beyond the study population without justification.

C

Drawing conclusions without considering the study's sample size.

D

Ignoring potential confounders when interpreting results.

Q64

In public health education, what is the primary reason focus groups are commonly used?

A

To understand barriers to behavior change

B

To analyze statistical health data

C

To implement health promotion programs

D

To assess community needs and perceptions

Q65

What is the primary pathophysiological feature of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Impaired insulin secretion

B

Insulin deficiency

C

Pancreatic beta-cell destruction

D

Insulin resistance

Q66

Which service is typically provided by occupational health clinics for public health students specializing in Environmental and Occupational Health?

A

Training on workplace hazards

B

Mental health counseling

C

Health education on nutrition

D

Immunizations for infectious diseases

Q67

Which part of public health project management most relies on feedback mechanisms and lessons learned?

A

Monitoring and evaluation

B

Stakeholder engagement and needs assessment

C

Risk management and contingency planning

D

Resource allocation and budgeting

Q68

What is NOT considered one of the social determinants of health?

A

A person's genetic predisposition to certain diseases

B

Access to educational opportunities

C

The quality of the healthcare system

D

Availability of safe housing

Q69

What is the most common side effect associated with the copper IUD?

A

Decreased menstrual bleeding

B

Mood swings

C

Increased menstrual bleeding

D

Breast tenderness

Q70

What is the primary purpose of conducting a survey or assessment during the planning phase of a public health project?

A

Outcome evaluation

B

Process evaluation

C

Formative evaluation

D

Impact evaluation

Q71

What is the primary purpose of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in the context of tuberculosis prevention in children?

A

To treat active tuberculosis in children

B

To prevent severe forms of tuberculosis, including miliary tuberculosis and tuberculosis meningitis, primarily in infants and young children

C

To protect against latent tuberculosis infection in adults

D

To vaccinate against diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus

Q72

What is the primary use of predictive analytics in the field of demography and health informatics?

A

Forecasting future disease trends and population health outcomes

B

Evaluating the effectiveness of existing public health interventions

C

Identifying high-risk patients for targeted interventions

D

Managing the allocation of healthcare resources and services

Q73

A public health administrator discovers a potential public health risk but is aware that disclosing the information may violate individual confidentiality. What is the most ethical action to take?

A

Disclose the information without consent to protect others.

B

Always prioritize public health over confidentiality.

C

Seek informed consent from the individual before disclosure.

D

Maintain confidentiality regardless of the risk.

Q74

What is the primary role of demographic studies in public health research?

A

To identify trends in disease patterns over time

B

To evaluate the effectiveness of health interventions

C

To understand the characteristics of a population

D

To predict future healthcare needs

Q75

What is the primary mode of transmission for head lice in the context of epidemiology?

A

By sharing personal items like combs or pillows

B

Via vectors like mosquitoes

C

Through contaminated food and water

D

Through direct head-to-head contact

Q76

What is the primary purpose of regression analysis in public health studies?

A

To calculate the mean of a dataset

B

To identify associations between variables

C

To test hypotheses about population parameters

D

To predict outcomes based on predictor variables

Q77

Which of the following is a primary prevention strategy for drug abuse?

A

Providing screening and counseling for early detection of drug use.

B

Establishing rehabilitation centers for those addicted to drugs.

C

Implementing school-based educational programs to prevent initial drug use.

D

Distributing clean needles to reduce the spread of infectious diseases among drug users.

Q78

Which method is most appropriate for helping decision-makers prioritize health interventions based on their costs and health outcomes?

A

Cost-minimization analysis

B

Need assessment

C

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)

D

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)

Q79

Which research method is most closely associated with anthropology in public health research?

A

Randomized controlled trials

B

Photovoice

C

Focus group discussions

D

Participant observation

Q80

What is an effective strategy for controlling vector-borne diseases in environmental health?

A

Increasing the use of chemical pesticides

B

Implementing stricter waste disposal regulations

C

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

D

Using bed nets in all households

Q81

Which of the following statements about non-essential nutrients is correct?

A

Non-essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body, so they do not need to be obtained from the diet.

B

Non-essential nutrients are required in large amounts for proper bodily functions.

C

Non-essential nutrients are not needed for any bodily functions.

D

Non-essential nutrients include all vitamins and minerals needed by the human body.

Q82

Which of the following is NOT classified as a macronutrient?

A

Proteins

B

Vitamin C

C

Fats

D

Carbohydrates

Q83

Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with a calcium deficiency?

A

Anemia

B

Rickets

C

Scurvy

D

Goiter

Q84

Political stability is most closely associated with which of the following in public health?

A

Higher rates of community engagement in health initiatives

B

A focus on addressing chronic diseases

C

Increased funding for public health programs

D

Consistent implementation of health policies

Q85

In which situation is the incidence of a disease likely to be higher than its prevalence?

A

A disease with a long latency period

B

A disease with a long incubation period

C

A disease with a short duration of illness

D

A disease with a high cure rate

Q86

In the context of epidemiology, which type of interview is best suited for collecting numerical data that can be quantitatively analyzed and compared across multiple variables?

A

Structured interviews

B

Focus group discussions

C

Semi-structured interviews

D

Unstructured interviews

Q87

What does the variance primarily represent in a dataset?

A

The spread of data points around the mean

B

The difference between the highest and lowest values

C

The number of observations in the dataset

D

The average value in the dataset

Q88

Which international organization is primarily responsible for coordinating global health responses and international cooperation during public health emergencies and disasters?

A

UNICEF

B

United Nations (UN)

C

International Red Cross

D

World Health Organization (WHO)

Q89

Which mechanism best promotes the financial sustainability of a healthcare system?

A

Availability of advanced technology

B

High level of out-of-pocket payments

C

Mix of financing mechanisms

D

Reliance on government subsidies

Q90

Which type of vaccine uses a weakened form of the live pathogen?

A

Subunit vaccine

B

Live-attenuated vaccine

C

mRNA vaccine

D

Inactivated vaccine

Q91

What is considered the cornerstone of strategic financial planning and reporting in public health project management?

A

Aligning financial plans with organizational strategic goals

B

Predicting future funding requirements

C

Conducting financial monitoring and evaluation

D

Developing a detailed project budget

Q92

From a sociological and anthropological perspective, which of the following best explains how marriage influences public health outcomes?

A

Marriage provides economic stability, which improves health outcomes.

B

Marriage provides social support, which can lead to better mental and physical health.

C

Marriage is often influenced by cultural or religious norms that promote healthy behaviors.

D

Marriage offers legal benefits such as shared health insurance, enhancing access to healthcare.

Q93

Which of the following is NOT a primary objective of public health surveillance?

A

Enforcing public health regulations

B

Monitoring disease trends over time

C

Detecting cases early to prevent outbreaks

D

Guiding public health control measures

Q94

Which of the following technologies has been most effective in improving access to essential nutrients in developing countries?

A

3D food printing

B

Food fortification

C

Mobile health apps

D

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Q95

What is the standard treatment for Giardiasis?

A

Amoxicillin

B

Metronidazole

C

Acyclovir

D

Gentamicin

Q96

What is the primary purpose of gluconeogenesis?

A

To maintain blood glucose levels during fasting

B

To produce glucose for the pentose phosphate pathway

C

To synthesize glucose from amino acids in the muscles

D

To break down glycogen into glucose

Q97

What is the most significant risk factor for developing chronic bronchitis?

A

Smoking

B

Poor diet

C

Inadequate immunization

D

Air pollution

Q98

Which of the following organs is most likely to be affected by a pulmonary embolism?

A

Lungs

B

Heart

C

Brain

D

Liver

Q99

In a public health study examining the prevalence of diabetes among adults in the United States, what is referred to as the 'population'?

A

The entire group of adults in the United States that the study aims to represent.

B

The 500 adults who participated in the study.

C

All adults in the United States with diabetes.

D

The entire population of the United States, regardless of age.

Q100

What is the most effective way to prevent Byssinosis among textile workers?

A

Early diagnosis and treatment

B

Employee rotation and job variation

C

Engineering controls and respiratory protection

D

Improved workplace ergonomics

Q101

Which of the following is a primary factor influencing health inequalities due to social stratification?

A

Socioeconomic status

B

Geographic location

C

Education

D

Race/ethnicity

Q102

In public health, an arithmetic model of population growth is best suited for:

A

Modeling populations with varying birth rates over time.

B

Estimating population changes when migration is a significant factor.

C

Analyzing age-specific mortality rates over time.

D

Making short-term projections in a small, closed population with minimal migration.

Q103

Which of the following is NOT a control measure in epidemiology?

A

Research into disease causes

B

Screening for diseases

C

Vaccination

D

Public health education

Q104

What does the life-cycle approach to health emphasize?

A

The importance of treating diseases as they arise.

B

The economic impact of health interventions on communities.

C

A focus solely on maternal and child health.

D

The need for prevention and health promotion across all life stages.

Q105

In the stages of project planning, development, implementation, and evaluation, during which phase is strategic financial planning most critical for ensuring the sustainability and effectiveness of a public health project?

A

During the implementation phase

B

During the development phase

C

During the planning phase

D

During the evaluation phase

Q106

What is the main objective of universal health coverage in public health?

A

Increase the number of healthcare providers

B

Improve the quality of healthcare facilities

C

Reduce the cost of healthcare services

D

Ensure all individuals have access to essential health services without financial hardship

Q107

What is the primary cause of deforestation and land degradation?

A

Urbanization

B

Mining and oil extraction

C

Overgrazing

D

Agriculture expansion

Q108

What is crucial for the successful implementation of public health innovations?

A

Focusing solely on the latest technological advancements

B

Ensuring the innovation is the most cost-effective option

C

Prioritizing policy changes over community engagement

D

Aligning innovations with existing cultural norms and practices

Q109

What is the primary purpose of economic evaluation techniques in health economics and financing for policymakers?

A

To compare the budgets of different health programs.

B

To evaluate the quality of healthcare services.

C

To assess the impact of a single health program.

D

To help policymakers allocate resources optimally across various health programs.

Q110

Which of the following is a key component of emergency humanitarian action plans in public health?

A

Epidemiological surveillance, health education, and vaccination programs

B

Communication strategies, staff training, and community engagement

C

Needs assessment, resource mobilization, and coordination with local authorities

D

Logistics planning, policy development, and infrastructure building

Q111

What does the tibial nerve primarily supply?

A

Sensory innervation to the knee joint

B

Sensory innervation to the soles of the feet

C

Sensory innervation to the dorsum of the foot

D

Sensory innervation to the lower back

Q112

Which of the following best describes the incubation period in the natural history of disease?

A

The period during which an individual is infected but not yet showing symptoms.

B

The stage where the individual has fully recovered from the disease.

C

The time during which the individual can transmit the disease to others.

D

The phase when the disease symptoms become severe and clinically apparent.

Q113

What is the primary function of a pH meter in public health applications?

A

To measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

B

To measure the pressure of a solution

C

To measure the temperature of a solution

D

To measure the oxygen levels in a solution

Q114

Which international declaration focuses on primary health care as a means of improving global health outcomes?

A

Bangkok Charter (2005)

B

Adelaide Declaration (1988)

C

Ottawa Charter (1986)

D

Alma-Ata Declaration (1978)

Q115

How are feedback mechanisms and lessons learned typically used in the project planning, development, implementation, and evaluation phases for students of public health?

A

Feedback mechanisms are integrated into each phase, and lessons learned are documented at the end of the evaluation phase.

B

Feedback mechanisms are primarily used during the planning phase, and lessons learned are documented after evaluation.

C

Feedback mechanisms and lessons learned are only relevant during the implementation phase and are not used in other phases.

D

Lessons learned are identified during the development phase, and feedback mechanisms are used only during implementation.

Q116

Which strategy is most effective in tackling teenage pregnancy?

A

Providing financial incentives to teenage mothers to complete education

B

Increasing funding for abstinence-only education

C

Providing comprehensive sexual education

D

Lowering the age of consent for contraception without parental approval

Q117

A public health researcher wants to compare the mean blood pressure levels across three different demographic groups (urban, suburban, and rural). Which of the following statistical tests would be most appropriate to determine if there is a significant difference between the groups?

A

One-way ANOVA

B

Pearson's correlation

C

Pair t-test

D

Mann-Whitney U test

Q118

What is the best practice for disseminating research findings in public health to ensure they are accessible and understandable to non-technical audiences?

A

Present findings in a peer-reviewed journal using technical language to maintain scientific rigor.

B

Create detailed, complex reports for policymakers to demonstrate methodological robustness.

C

Share results in layperson terms through infographics and social media to reach a broader audience.

D

Use only visual aids like charts and graphs without any written explanations.

Q119

What is the primary role of micronutrients in the human body?

A

They are responsible for nerve signaling and muscle contraction.

B

They help build and repair tissues, including muscles and skin.

C

They regulate metabolic processes and support immune function.

D

They provide energy by breaking down carbohydrates.

Q120

What is the primary responsibility of the National Health Education Information and Communication Center (NHEICC) in Nepal?

A

Funding non-governmental organizations for health projects

B

Training medical staff in clinical procedures

C

Guiding the development of health education and information programs, including for public health students

D

Conducting national health surveys and data collection

Q121

According to the Cycle of Life perspective, which stage is primarily targeted by preconception care to improve pregnancy outcomes?

A

Infancy

B

Preconception

C

Adolescence

D

Geriatric

Q122

What is a key role of alternative medicine in health service delivery?

A

It addresses health aspects conventional medicine may overlook.

B

It integrates only with private healthcare systems.

C

It replaces conventional medicine in resource-poor settings.

D

It focuses solely on the prevention of diseases.

Q123

Which of the following best defines food security?

A

The safety of food without considering access.

B

The availability, access, utilization, and stability of food over time.

C

The availability and access to food.

D

The economic access and cultural preferences related to food.

Q124

Which of the following is NOT considered a threat to validity in epidemiological studies?

A

Confounding

B

Information bias

C

Random sampling

D

Selection bias

Q125

Which domestic source of air pollution is most closely associated with both respiratory health issues and contributions to global warming?

A

Tobacco smoke from indoor smoking

B

Mold growth in damp indoor environments

C

Cooking fumes from fossil fuel combustion

D

Radon gas from soil under homes

Q126

Which of the following contraceptive methods is the most effective reversible method for family planning?

A

Condoms

B

Diaphragm

C

Hormonal IUD

D

Oral contraceptives

Q127

What is the primary method of preventing the transmission of kala-azar?

A

Indoor residual spraying with insecticides

B

Promoting the use of antibiotics

C

Using antimalarial drugs

D

Distributing antiseptic creams

Q128

Which of the following was a key factor in John Snow's identification of the Broad Street pump as the source of the 1854 cholera outbreak in London?

A

Improved sanitation

B

Microscopic examination of water samples

C

Public education campaigns

D

Geographical mapping of disease cases

Q129

In public health, which factor is most important when designing prevention strategies?

A

Government health policies

B

Individual behavior change

C

Advancements in medical technology

D

Cultural beliefs and social norms

Q130

Which international organization is primarily responsible for coordinating disaster risk reduction efforts globally?

A

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

B

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)

C

World Health Organization (WHO)

D

International Labour Organization (ILO)

Q131

Which Millennium Development Goal focused on reducing child mortality rates?

A

MDG 6

B

MDG 2

C

MDG 4

D

MDG 5

Q132

What is a key component of a plan for students studying public health?

A

Conducting research alongside public health professionals

B

Completing an internship in a public health setting

C

Developing educational programs for community health workers

D

Organizing community projects to address social determinants of health

Q133

Which of the following is typically the primary funding source for socialized medicine systems?

A

Out-of-pocket payments by patients

B

General taxation

C

Private insurance premiums

D

Employer-based insurance plans

Q134

What is a key advantage of integrating traditional and modern medicine in public health systems?

A

Ensuring regulatory standards for alternative therapies

B

Addressing chronic diseases through holistic approaches

C

Improving healthcare infrastructure in rural areas

D

Reducing healthcare costs

Q135

Which app is specifically designed for meal planning with a focus on nutrition, budget, and sustainability for public health students?

A

BudgetBite

B

NUTRIplan

C

MealMaster

D

PlanSphere

Q136

What is the meaning of sensitivity in the context of diagnostic testing in epidemiology?

A

The total number of participants in a study.

B

The proportion of true negative results in a test.

C

The proportion of true positive results in a test.

D

The proportion of all test results that are accurate.

Q137

What is the primary purpose of the needs assessment phase in health program planning?

A

To identify health priorities and concerns of the target population.

B

To develop evaluation metrics.

C

To design intervention strategies.

D

To allocate program resources.

Q138

Which method is primarily used for monitoring the implementation and reach of health communication campaigns?

A

Process evaluation

B

Roger's diffusion of innovations theory

C

Summative evaluation

D

Formative evaluation

Q139

What is a key concept and importance of health promotion in public health?

A

Health promotion focuses primarily on treating illnesses rather than preventing them.

B

Health promotion aims to restrict unhealthy behaviors through strict policies and regulations.

C

Health promotion is centered on providing medical care to individuals with chronic diseases.

D

Health promotion empowers individuals and communities to take control of their health, improving overall well-being and reducing disease burden.

Q140

What is the World Health Report 2000 primarily known for in the context of health systems?

A

Introducing the concept of Universal Health Coverage

B

Introducing the concept of health system stewardship

C

Defining the Millennium Development Goals for global health

D

Focusing on the importance of health financing in developing countries

Q141

What does absolute risk represent in the context of epidemiology?

A

The difference in risk between two groups

B

The rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population over time

C

The ratio of risk of a disease in one group compared to another

D

The probability of developing a disease in a population over a specified period

Q142

What is the primary goal of quality assurance in health systems?

A

Reducing healthcare costs

B

Improving patient satisfaction

C

Increasing the use of technology in healthcare

D

Ensuring care meets established standards and guidelines

Q143

What type of t-test is most appropriate for comparing the average weight of participants before and after a weight loss program?

A

A one-sample t-test

B

An ANOVA

C

An independent samples t-test

D

A paired t-test

Q144

Which of the following is the most significant factor influencing weight management?

A

Individual behavior and lifestyle choices

B

Metabolism rate

C

Genetics

D

Socioeconomic status

Q145

Which of the following best describes how sociological and anthropological perspectives influence judgments in public health evaluations?

A

Sociology emphasizes individual behaviors, and anthropology focuses on community engagement.

B

Sociology focuses on cultural practices and beliefs, while anthropology examines social structures and economic inequalities.

C

Sociology evaluates the effectiveness of policies, while anthropology assesses the cultural acceptability of interventions.

D

Sociology examines the impact of social structures and economic inequalities, while anthropology considers cultural beliefs and practices when evaluating health interventions.

Q146

Which of the following is a key area of focus in Environmental and Occupational Health?

A

Healthcare policy development

B

Pharmaceutical research

C

Air and water quality

D

Information technology infrastructure

Q147

What is the most effective strategy for engaging stakeholders and managing relationships in public health project planning?

A

Conducting surveys to gather stakeholder feedback

B

Providing stakeholders with regular project updates

C

Actively listening to stakeholders' concerns and needs

D

Involving stakeholders in the decision-making process

Q148

Which type of contamination leads to a sudden increase in disease cases due to exposure from a single source at one place and time?

A

Propagated contamination

B

Secondary contamination

C

Continuous contamination

D

Point source contamination

Q149

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Controlling involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion

B

Regulating voluntary movements like walking

C

Regulating conscious thought and language

D

Transmitting sensory signals from skin to the brain

Q150

Which non-parametric test is most appropriate for comparing the medians of two independent groups when the data are not normally distributed?

A

Mann-Whitney U test

B

Independent t-test

C

Friedman test

D

Kruskal-Wallis test

Q151

What is the most important component in effective crisis management in public health?

A

Effective communication strategies

B

Rapid deployment of emergency response teams

C

Data collection and analysis

D

Resource allocation

Q152

What is the primary source of funding for a social health insurance system?

A

General government revenue

B

Mandatory contributions from employers and employees

C

Private insurance premiums

D

Out-of-pocket payments

Q153

What is the primary step in planning and coordinating relief efforts for public health emergencies?

A

Coordinating with local agencies

B

Monitoring the situation only

C

Mobilizing resources immediately

D

Conducting a community needs assessment

Q154

Which of the following is a primary public health concern related to droughts?

A

Increased risk of waterborne diseases due to water scarcity

B

Enhanced food security due to prolonged dry conditions

C

Reduced risk of vector-borne diseases without standing water

D

Improved air quality from reduced rainfall

Q155

Which of the following is an example of evaluating the sustainability of a health promotion program?

A

Evaluating the effectiveness of the program's marketing materials.

B

Measuring the immediate health outcomes of program participants.

C

Determining whether the program activities were implemented as planned.

D

Assessing the program's ability to secure ongoing funding and community support.

Q156

How does an increase in income typically affect the quantity demanded of healthcare services, assuming healthcare is treated as a normal good?

A

The quantity demanded increases.

B

The quantity demanded is unaffected by income.

C

The quantity demanded remains the same.

D

The quantity demanded decreases.

Q157

Which is the first step in planning a public health program?

A

Evaluating program outcomes

B

Implementing the program

C

Setting specific and measurable goals

D

Conducting a needs assessment

Q158

Which of the following is a recognized right for students of public health?

A

Right to prioritize individual research over community needs

B

Right to guaranteed employment post-graduation

C

Right to ethical and evidence-based education and training

D

Right to access all public health services free of charge

Q159

Which of the following best describes precision in research and biostatistics?

A

The closeness of measurements to the true value

B

The degree to which a measurement measures what it is intended to measure

C

The consistency of measurements when an experiment is repeated

D

The extent to which results can be generalized to other populations

Q160

Which of the following is not one of the six building blocks of a health system as defined by the World Health Organization?

A

Health workforce

B

Health education

C

Health financing

D

Service delivery

Q161

Which nutrient is most critical for older adults to consume in adequate amounts to maintain muscle mass and prevent age-related decline?

A

Sodium

B

Protein

C

Vitamin D

D

Sugar

Q162

What is a critical component of providing youth-friendly health services?

A

a) Mandatory parental consent

B

b) Peer-led education sessions

C

c) Provider training on youth issues

D

d) Strict clinic operating hours

Q163

Which of the following is considered a key future direction in health promotion and education for public health?

A

Increasing reliance on pharmaceutical interventions as the primary method of disease prevention

B

Focusing solely on individual behavior change without addressing environmental or policy factors

C

Expanding community-based approaches to address health inequities

D

Prioritizing digital health technologies exclusively in high-income settings

Q164

Which of the following is the best use of disease surveillance data for evaluating screening programs in public health?

A

Monitoring participation rates in the program

B

Assessing the impact on mortality rates

C

Tracking changes in disease trends

D

Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of the program

Q165

What is the primary purpose of randomization in epidemiological studies?

A

To measure the incidence of a disease in the study population.

B

To eliminate bias in the selection of participants.

C

To ensure a representative sample of the population.

D

To reduce confounding by balancing known and unknown factors between groups.

Q166

What is the primary purpose of conducting strategic reviews and status reports in public health projects?

A

To assess project progress and ensure alignment with strategic goals

B

To communicate project updates to external stakeholders

C

To check for compliance with legal and regulatory requirements

D

To allocate resources and personnel effectively

Q167

What is the primary goal of disease education in public health?

A

To reduce stigma around certain health conditions.

B

To increase medication adherence among patients.

C

To promote early detection of diseases.

D

To prevent disease and promote healthy behaviors.

Q168

Why are global health and international health essential in resource-poor settings?

A

Because they primarily aim to reduce the cost of medications worldwide.

B

Because they are specialized fields that don't require collaboration with local governments.

C

Because they focus on preventing diseases in high-income countries.

D

Because they help reduce health disparities and improve healthcare access for underserved populations.

Q169

Which economic evaluation technique is primarily used to guide resource allocation decisions so as to maximize health outcomes, especially in low-income settings?

A

Cost-benefit analysis

B

Budget impact analysis

C

Cost-effectiveness analysis

D

Cost-utility analysis

Q170

Which of the following is a commonly used demographic approach in public health to visualize the age and gender distribution of a population?

A

Standardized mortality ratio

B

Age pyramid

C

Cohort analysis

D

Population equalization

Q171

Which of the following is a contraindication for consuming ionized alkaline water?

A

It is good for people with kidney disease.

B

It is rich in essential minerals like calcium and magnesium.

C

It can neutralize stomach acid effectively.

D

It is not advised for individuals with kidney disease.

Q172

Which of the following is a key area for behavioral change in health education?

A

Expanding healthcare coverage

B

Ensuring access to healthcare services

C

Reducing environmental pollution

D

Improving nutrition and diet

Q173

In the context of addressing gender-based violence (GBV) within public health and primary health care, which of the following is a crucial role of primary health care providers?

A

Primary health care providers are responsible for routinely screening for signs of GBV during patient visits.

B

Primary health care providers should focus solely on raising awareness about GBV through community campaigns.

C

Primary health care providers should only provide treatment for physical injuries resulting from GBV.

D

Primary health care providers are not required to address GBV as it is outside their scope of practice.

Q174

What has been the primary outcome of implementing sugar taxes on sugary drinks in various countries?

A

They have not had a significant impact on consumption patterns.

B

They have caused people to purchase more sugary foods.

C

They have been shown to increase consumption of sugary drinks.

D

They have led to a reduction in the consumption of sugary drinks.

Q175

Which of the following is a primary public health concern related to soil erosion?

A

Economic hardship leading to impoverished communities.

B

Increased risk of waterborne diseases from polluted water.

C

Food insecurity due to reduced agricultural productivity.

D

Decreased recreational areas for public use.

Q176

What is the most effective strategy for tackling teenage pregnancy in a community?

A

Providing education on sexual health and family planning

B

Ensuring access to contraception for teenagers

C

Implementing community-based health education and support programs

D

Offering support systems for pregnant teenagers

Q177

What percentage thermal chemical measure is recommended for managing fractured dislocations?

A

15%

B

5%

C

10%

D

20%

Q178

What do sociologists and anthropologists primarily focus on when studying conflict in the context of public health?

A

The development of economic policies to reduce conflict.

B

The role of contagious diseases and vaccination rates in conflict zones.

C

The environmental factors contributing to conflict.

D

The impact of social structures, cultural norms, and inequalities on conflict.

Q179

Which of the following is TRUE about the primary immune response?

A

The primary response is mediated by plasma cells only

B

The primary immune response occurs when memory cells recognize an antigen

C

The primary response results in the production of memory cells

D

The primary response provides immediate protection against pathogens

Q180

Which of the following best describes the central argument of Malthusian theory in relation to population growth?

A

Population growth is limitless and will always be matched by technological advancements to ensure resource abundance.

B

Population growth is a direct result of urbanization and industrialization, not a natural biological process.

C

Population growth can be controlled through birth control and family planning policies to ensure resource sustainability.

D

Population grows exponentially, while resources grow linearly, leading to inevitable poverty and famine.

Q181

Which of the following is a key principle of socialized medicine?

A

Privatization of healthcare services

B

Free-market approach

C

Reduced government role in healthcare

D

Universality of access

Q182

Which sampling technique involves dividing the population into subgroups and randomly selecting some of these subgroups for study?

A

Simple random sampling

B

Convenience sampling

C

Cluster sampling

D

Stratified sampling

Q183

Which of the following is a critical step in conducting a systematic review to ensure transparency and reduce bias?

A

Registering the protocol

B

Extracting data from selected studies

C

Using systematic review software

D

Searching multiple databases

Q184

Which performance monitoring framework is primarily used for setting clear objectives, identifying key deliverables, and monitoring progress and outcomes in public health projects?

A

SWOT Analysis

B

Theory of Change

C

Balanced Scorecard

D

Logical Framework Approach (LogFrame)

Q185

What is the primary focus of health equity in global health concepts?

A

The principle that everyone should have the same access to healthcare services regardless of their background.

B

The principle that everyone should have access to healthcare services according to their unique needs and circumstances.

C

The principle that health is a fundamental human right and should be globally promoted.

D

The principle that healthcare policies should be implemented uniformly across all countries.

Q186

Which statement best describes the primary goal of Family Planning?

A

Limiting family size to reduce public health burdens only.

B

Enabling individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births through informed choice.

C

Providing universal access to contraceptive pills only to prevent unintended pregnancies.

D

Focusing solely on the use of condoms to control population growth.

Q187

Which of the following is the most effective strategy to tackle malaria?

A

Using larval control measures in potential breeding sites

B

Implementing indoor residual spraying with insecticides

C

Ensuring community participation in all malaria control activities

D

Distributing untreated mosquito nets to all households

Q188

Which healthcare financing mechanism involves direct payments by individuals for services received?

A

Private insurance

B

Social health insurance

C

Fee-for-service

D

Out-of-pocket payments

Q189

What is a key consideration for the successful adoption of telemedicine and eHealth systems in public health?

A

Implementing advanced data privacy measures to protect patient information

B

Focusing solely on reducing healthcare costs through telemedicine

C

Addressing the digital divide and ensuring equitable access to technology for all populations

D

Ensuring all healthcare providers receive comprehensive training on the technology

Q190

Which of the following best describes the primary goal of health diplomacy?

A

Ending wars between nations through health-related agreements.

B

Negotiating trade deals using health issues as leverage.

C

Facilitating global cooperation to address shared health challenges.

D

Promoting a single country's health policies internationally.

Q191

What is the primary purpose of performance monitoring in healthcare evaluation?

A

To enforce compliance with healthcare standards and guidelines

B

To reduce operational costs within healthcare organizations

C

To identify high-performing healthcare providers

D

To identify areas for continuous improvement and enhance overall quality of care

Q192

What is a common health effect of prolonged exposure to loud sounds in the environment?

A

Respiratory issues

B

Vision problems

C

Hearing loss

D

Increased risk of infections

Q193

What is a primary health impact of increased heat waves due to climate change?

A

Increased mortality

B

Enhanced mental health

C

Increased risk of waterborne diseases

D

Improved respiratory health

Q194

Which of the following is a function primarily associated with Factor VII?

A

Protein folding

B

DNA synthesis

C

Blood coagulation

D

Immune response

Q195

Which of the following occupational factors is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases?

A

Carbon monoxide exposure

B

Exposure to air pollution

C

Exposure to cadmium

D

Shift work disrupting circadian rhythms

Q196

Which sociologist is most renowned for their work on social class and the role of capitalism in shaping society?

A

George Herbert Mead (1863–1931)

B

Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)

C

Karl Marx (1818–1883)

D

Max Weber (1864–1920)

Q197

The primary objective of the implementation phase in a public health project is focused on:

A

Conducting an assessment of the population’s health needs

B