Masters in Public Health entrance exam preparation SET 2

Q1

Which of the following is the best indicator of recent faecal contamination in water?

A

Clostridium perfringens

B

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

C

Faecal streptococci

D

None of the above

Q2

What is the acceptable concentration of fluoride in drinking water?

A

5.0 ppm

B

1.0 ppm

C

2.0 ppm

D

4.0 ppm

Q3

What is the primary purpose of critically appraising articles in the context of bridging evidence and practice in public health?

A

To summarize the findings of multiple studies.

B

To evaluate the application of evidence to improve public health practice and policy.

C

To identify gaps in existing research for future studies.

D

To assess the statistical methods used in the study.

Q4

Which of the following is NOT an observational epidemiological study design?

A

Randomized controlled trial

B

Cohort study

C

Case-control study

D

Cross-sectional study

Q5

Which of the following best captures the importance of community participation in primary health care?

A

Community participation is a legal requirement in most countries for implementing health programs.

B

Community participation ensures that health programs align with the cultural values and needs of the population, making them more effective and sustainable.

C

Community participation mainly focuses on engaging affluent community members to fund health initiatives.

D

Community participation primarily serves to reduce the workload of health care professionals.

Q6

Which of the following is considered a component of health system management?

A

Concentrating solely on medical treatment protocols

B

Focusing only on specialized care in urban areas

C

Reducing government funding for healthcare programs

D

Monitoring healthcare financing, human resources, and service delivery

Q7

Political stability is most closely associated with which of the following in public health?

A

Higher rates of community engagement in health initiatives

B

A focus on addressing chronic diseases

C

Increased funding for public health programs

D

Consistent implementation of health policies

Q8

Which international organization is primarily responsible for coordinating disaster risk reduction efforts globally?

A

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

B

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)

C

World Health Organization (WHO)

D

International Labour Organization (ILO)

Q9

What percentage thermal chemical measure is recommended for managing fractured dislocations?

A

15%

B

5%

C

10%

D

20%

Q10

How does health informatics play a role in enhancing health outcomes for underserved populations?

A

By developing personalized health plans exclusively for affluent populations.

B

By identifying and addressing disparities in healthcare access and delivering targeted interventions to improve health outcomes.

C

By minimizing interaction and collaboration among healthcare providers.

D

By concentrating exclusively on rural healthcare environments.

Q11

Which of the following is a key characteristic of Agile Methodology in project management?

A

The approach emphasizes a strict, uninterruptible sequence from planning to delivery, with no room for changes once the project starts.

B

Work is divided into sequential phases, with each phase requiring completion before the next begins.

C

The methodology focuses solely on the final project outcome, with evaluation done only after the entire project is complete.

D

Projects are managed using iterative cycles called sprints, delivering a working product increment at the end of each cycle.

Q12

What is the primary focus of the Community-Based Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses (CB-IMNCI)?

A

Preventing and treating illnesses in children through community-based approaches

B

Distributing medical supplies

C

Providing maternal health services

D

Improving healthcare services in urban hospitals

Q13

Which stage of the demographic transition is characterized by low birth and death rates with a stable population?

A

Stage Two

B

Stage Four

C

Stage Three

D

Stage One

Q14

The population pyramid is primarily used to visualize which of the following demographic characteristics?

A

The age and sex distribution of a population

B

Fertility rates across different regions

C

Migration patterns within a population

D

The total fertility rate over an extended period

Q15

What is the primary purpose of disseminating health data in public health?

A

To ensure data is only accessible to researchers.

B

To inform decision-making processes at various levels.

C

To collect more data for future studies.

D

To analyze data for trends and patterns.

Q16

Which global health initiative focuses on preventing, detecting, and responding to public health emergencies of international concern?

A

International Health Regulations (IHR)

B

World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

C

Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria

D

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Q17

In data management for public health, what is the most critical factor in discerning the quality and relevance of demographic data?

A

The size of the dataset

B

The date when the data was collected

C

The format in which the data is stored

D

The purpose and source of the data

Q18

What is the primary function of descriptive statistics within the field of biostatistics?

A

Forecasting future trends based on data analysis

B

Summarizing and presenting data in a structured and comprehensible manner

C

Performing hypothesis testing to draw inferences from data

D

Designing experimental studies and research methodologies

Q19

Which type of immunity is actively acquired through exposure to antigens or immunization?

A

Community immunity

B

Active immunity

C

Herd immunity

D

Passive immunity

Q20

Which of the following program planning frameworks is commonly used in health promotion and education?

A

Transtheoretical Model

B

Health Belief Model

C

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

D

Social Cognitive Theory

Q21

The Widal test is primarily used for the diagnosis of which bacterium?

A

Proteus

B

Salmonella

C

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

D

Shigella

Q22

Which of the following factors contribute to population change?

A

Migration rate

B

Birth rate

C

Death rate

D

All of the above

Q23

Which of the following models is associated with the stages of change in individual behavior?

A

Theory of Planned Behavior

B

Health Belief Model

C

Transtheoretical Model

D

Social Cognitive Theory

Q24

Which of the following traits is most essential for a dynamic personality in the field of public health?

A

Strong problem-solving abilities

B

High levels of empathy

C

Effective communication skills

D

Natural leadership qualities

Q25

What is the term for the first case brought to the attention of a healthcare provider?

A

Primary case

B

Secondary case

C

Referred case

D

Index case

Q26

Which social welfare program is most closely associated with improved health outcomes for children in low-income families?

A

Medicaid

B

Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program

C

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

D

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Q27

Which of the following is the best way to ensure a comprehensive literature search when conducting research in public health?

A

Relying solely on Google Scholar as your primary database

B

Reading abstracts quickly to identify relevant studies

C

Using Boolean operators to refine search terms

D

Using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) to categorize search terms

Q28

What is the primary purpose of Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) in global health programs?

A

To collect data for research purposes only.

B

To ensure continuous funding for health initiatives.

C

To measure outcomes without considering program processes.

D

To assess program effectiveness and inform decision-making processes.

Q29

What does the term 'prevalence' denote in the context of public health?

A

The number of fatalities attributed to a disease within a population.

B

The incidence rate of new disease cases occurring within a population over a defined period.

C

The number of individuals who recover from a disease within a population.

D

The proportion of individuals within a specified population that are affected by a particular disease at a specific point in time.

Q30

Why is cultural competence important in public health practice?

A

It focuses on understanding the role of technology in shaping health behaviors across different cultures.

B

It ensures that public health initiatives respect and address the cultural differences and values of diverse populations to better promote health and prevent disease.

C

It is primarily concerned with ensuring compliance to public health regulations across all cultural groups.

D

It helps in the allocation of financial resources to different communities based on their cultural background.

Q31

What is the primary goal of humanitarian health interventions?

A

Providing aid according to international health standards.

B

Reducing immediate mortality and morbidity.

C

Ensuring the durability and long-term sustainability of the health system.

D

Reducing immediate mortality and morbidity, while ensuring equity and fairness in aid distribution.

Q32

What is the primary reservoir of *Entamoeba histolytica*, the parasite responsible for amoebiasis?

A

Poor sanitation

B

Lack of clean drinking water

C

Asymptomatic human carriers

D

Contaminated food and water

Q33

Which of the following is a crucial factor for effective health system management?

A

Effective coordination of resources, workforce, and policies

B

Limiting accessibility of healthcare services to patients

C

Reduction of healthcare workforce

D

Prioritization of financial outcomes above all else

Q34

Which of the following is a key element in the planning phase of developing a health program?

A

Designing the evaluation framework

B

Defining the problem statement and identifying objectives

C

Establishing the budget and securing funding

D

Conducting a community needs assessment

Q35

What is the primary purpose of health policy in public health administration and management?

A

To develop new medical treatments

B

To regulate pharmaceutical prices

C

To focus on financing healthcare systems

D

To guide decisions on healthcare spending, ensure access to care, and promote public health

Q36

What is the primary focus of the primary health care system in Nepal?

A

Curative services for non-communicable diseases

B

Primary health care is managed by private hospitals

C

Disease prevention and health promotion through Sub Health Posts

D

Providing specialized tertiary care services in urban areas

Q37

Which type of research focuses on addressing immediate health issues?

A

Action research

B

Health system research

C

Basic research

D

Implementation research

Q38

Which of the following is a common source of lead contamination in soil?

A

Mining activities

B

Agricultural runoff

C

Fertilizer application

D

Pesticide use

Q39

What is the primary unit used to measure the biological effect of radiation exposure on living tissue in the context of radiology?

A

Sievert (Sv)

B

Rem

C

Rad

D

Gray (Gy)

Q40

Which of the following formulas is used to calculate the growth rate of a population?

A

(Starting Population - Ending Population) / Ending Population × 100

B

Total Fertility Rate / Crude Birth Rate

C

(Ending Population - Starting Population) / Starting Population × 100

D

Net Migration Rate / Crude Death Rate

Q41

What is the most critical element for successful change management and adaptation in public health projects?

A

Effective communication channels

B

Robust monitoring systems

C

Comprehensive training programs

D

Clear resource allocation

Q42

Which of the following is an effective strategy for reducing intergroup conflict in public health?

A

Policy Implementation

B

Intergroup Dialogue

C

Cross-cultural education

D

Contact Theory

Q43

What is the primary cause of maternal mortality globally?

A

Lack of access to family planning

B

Preventable complications such as hemorrhage and eclampsia

C

Cultural practices that delay seeking care

D

Inadequate nutrition during pregnancy

Q44

Which of the following research methodologies is not classified as a qualitative study approach?

A

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

B

Ethnography

C

Case Study

D

Grounded Theory

Q45

Which of the following is a key principle of health promotion in creating supportive environments and empowering communities?

A

Building healthy public policy and reorienting health services

B

Focusing primarily on clinical prevention and treatment

C

Emphasizing individual behavior change through education

D

Prioritizing the allocation of healthcare funds to treat chronic diseases

Q46

Who is credited with developing the concept of explanatory models in medical anthropology?

A

Margaret Mead

B

Victor Turner

C

Arthur Kleinman

D

Claude Lévi-Strauss

Q47

What is the principal objective of catastrophic health insurance?

A

To offer access to a wide array of medical services at a reduced cost.

B

To provide coverage for high-cost medical emergencies once the deductible has been met.

C

To cover preventive health measures and wellness visits.

D

To reimburse expenses for routine medical check-ups and standard care.

Q48

Which statement about people's attributions about others is most accurate in the context of Sociology and Anthropology for public health students?

A

People's attributions about others are solely determined by individual personality.

B

People's attributions about others are shaped by their cultural background and social context.

C

People's attributions about others are only influenced by public health campaigns.

D

People's attributions about others are the same across all cultures and societies.

Q49

What is a primary factor contributing to the increased spread of Zika virus due to changing weather patterns?

A

Increased populations of the Aedes mosquito species.

B

Greater international travel and migration.

C

Improved public health education campaigns.

D

Higher vaccination rates in affected areas.

Q50

In biostatistics, what is the primary application of the Cox proportional hazards model?

A

To compute the variance within a dataset.

B

To evaluate the influence of multiple covariates on the time until a specified event occurs.

C

To quantify the strength of the relationship between two continuous variables.

D

To compare the means of a continuous variable across different groups.

Q51

Which of the following is an example of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?

A

ABO transfusion reaction

B

Tuberculosis

C

Contact dermatitis

D

Allergic rhinitis

Q52

What is the most critical time frame for preventing maternal mortality and ensuring neonatal health?

A

In the first 24-48 hours postpartum

B

During the first week postpartum

C

During pregnancy

D

During delivery

Q53

What is the primary initial step in conducting a disease outbreak investigation?

A

Identifying the causative agent/pathogen

B

Communication with the public

C

Implementation of control measures

D

Confirming the existence of the disease outbreak

Q54

What strategy is most effective in maintaining cost-effectiveness and affordability in public health insurance programs for students?

A

Government subsidies to reduce premium costs

B

Prioritizing preventive services to lower long-term spending

C

Community rating to prevent discrimination

D

Reinsurance programs to protect against high claims

Q55

What is the primary goal of resource allocation in project planning within public health initiatives?

A

To prioritize workforce development over resource availability

B

To meet project objectives and deadlines effectively

C

To optimize the project budget

D

To ensure all team members are fully utilized

Q56

What is a key factor contributing to the occurrence of a demographic dividend?

A

A decline in fertility rates

B

A reduction in mortality rates

C

An increase in fertility rates

D

None of the above

Q57

Which of the following methods can be used to potentially save time and resources in the development of new experiments involving healthy patients in clinical trials?

A

Only testing on patients with pre-existing conditions.

B

Increasing the number of participants in control groups.

C

Implementing adaptive trial designs to modify the study based on interim results.

D

Using a placebo in the control group for comparison.

Q58

Which intervention is most effective in providing support for both breastfeeding and family planning in community settings?

A

School-based sex education

B

Community-based education programs on breastfeeding and family planning

C

Workplace policies for maternal leave

D

Hospital-based lactation consultants

Q59

Which of the following is a key construct of the Social Cognitive Theory?

A

Health locus of control

B

Self-efficacy

C

Self-esteem

D

Behavioral intention

Q60

What is the primary role of biostatistics in the development of public health policy?

A

Advocating for new policy changes

B

Developing interventions for public health issues

C

Collecting data for policy implementation

D

Evaluating the effectiveness of public health policies

Q61

In a meta-analysis, what is the primary effect of publication bias?

A

It increases the precision of the pooled estimate.

B

It reduces the heterogeneity between studies.

C

It ensures the representativeness of the included studies.

D

It can lead to an overestimation of the true effect size.

Q62

What was the primary impact of the Black Death on public health and primary healthcare during the middle ages?

A

It caused an immediate expansion of public health services in Europe.

B

It resulted in little to no significant change in healthcare practices.

C

It led to the enhancement of traditional medical practices.

D

It contributed to a decline in the influence of religious institutions on healthcare.

Q63

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding immunization programs?

A

Immunization programs target specific age groups only, such as infants and children.

B

Immunization programs aim to achieve herd immunity in the population.

C

Immunization programs are primarily focused on children and infants only.

D

Immunization programs are intended to prevent vaccine-preventable diseases across all age groups, including infants, children, adolescents, and adults.

Q64

Which is a common mode of transmission for many viral diseases?

A

Ingestion of contaminated soil

B

Inhalation of spores

C

Person-to-person contact

D

Transmission through cuts in the skin

Q65

What is the primary purpose of conducting a cost-benefit analysis in project planning and funding allocation for public health initiatives?

A

To assess the public opinion on the project's goals and objectives

B

To determine the distribution of resources among different team members

C

To compare the expected costs and benefits of a project to decide its feasibility and value

D

To evaluate the long-term sustainability of a project

Q66

In the context of medical anthropology, which concept refers to the way a society explains the causes and nature of disease?

A

Illness narrative

B

Explanatory model

C

Cultural competence

D

Disease classification

Q67

Which concept in Sociology and Anthropology refers to the networks, shared norms, and trust within groups that enable cooperation for mutual benefit, particularly relevant in understanding community health dynamics?

A

Social cohesion

B

Cultural competence

C

Social capital

D

Health literacy

Q68

What does the term 'crude' signify in the context of crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR)?

A

It excludes infant mortality from the calculation.

B

It is calculated exclusively for specific population subgroups.

C

It refers to a basic, unadjusted rate.

D

It accounts for age and sex distribution of the population.

Q69

What does criterion validity assess in research studies?

A

Whether the results are generalizable to other populations

B

Whether the study is free from bias

C

How well a measure correlates with another established measure or outcome

D

The accuracy of a measurement tool

Q70

Which part of the immune system is responsible for remembering specific antigens after exposure?

A

T cells and B cells

B

The spleen

C

Lymph nodes

D

The thymus

Q71

What is the most effective approach to ensuring the sustainability of public health programs?

A

Restricting community involvement and participation

B

Decreasing the number of healthcare facilities

C

Implementing long-term policies and ensuring sufficient funding

D

Prioritizing solely short-term interventions

Q72

What is the primary advantage of using a cross-over design in epidemiological studies?

A

Each participant serves as their own control, increasing statistical power.

B

Eliminates the need for a control group entirely.

C

Reduces selection bias by randomizing the order of treatment administration.

D

Minimizes the risk of confounding variables affecting the results.

Q73

What is the primary consideration when ensuring healthcare affordability and financial sustainability?

A

Ensuring sufficient and sustainable financing mechanisms

B

Increasing public awareness about healthcare costs

C

Implementing policies to control healthcare costs

D

Gaining political will to increase health spending

Q74

Which sociological theory explains how migrants choose their destinations based on social networks and previous migration patterns?

A

Social Network Theory

B

Chain Migration

C

Push-Pull Theory

D

World Systems Theory

Q75

In the context of injury prevention, what is the primary role of measures such as the use of seatbelts and helmets in epidemiology?

A

They are primarily used to halt the transmission of infectious diseases.

B

They are most effective when used in combination with other safety measures.

C

They prevent injuries and fatalities by reducing the impact of accidents.

D

They reduce the recovery time required after injuries occur.

Q76

What is the median of the sequence of numbers in ascending order from 1 to 21?

A

10

B

11

C

13

D

12

Q77

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning in health promotion?

A

Distributing brochures about the benefits of exercise

B

Modeling healthy behaviors for others to imitate

C

Showing images of lungs damaged by smoking

D

Offering rewards for completing a health screening

Q78

What is a primary reason for integrating traditional and complementary medicine (TCM) into public health systems?

A

To meet population health needs and cultural preferences

B

To reduce healthcare costs

C

To promote the use of herbal supplements

D

To replace conventional medical practices

Q79

What is the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction?

A

Creatine

B

Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP)

C

ATP

D

Glucose

Q80

Which of the following is a major factor contributing to the rise of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer in low- and middle-income countries?

A

Aging populations

B

Infectious diseases

C

Globalization

D

Urbanization

Q81

In which year was the Ministry of Health established in Nepal?

A

1957

B

1955

C

1958

D

1956

Q82

What is the primary purpose of learning Boolean operators in conducting a literature search for public health research?

A

To access full-text versions of the articles

B

To understand the statistical methods used in the studies

C

To evaluate the quality of the research articles

D

To refine your search strategy and narrow down relevant studies

Q83

Which of the following is a common method used in behavioral research to collect data on health behaviors?

A

Randomized controlled trials

B

Surveys or questionnaires

C

Literature review

D

Physiological measurements

Q84

Which of the following is a prevalent barrier to accessing reproductive health services in low-income countries?

A

Substantial government funding for sexual health services

B

Widespread availability of sexual health services

C

High levels of reproductive health education

D

Limited access to affordable healthcare coupled with cultural barriers

Q85

Why is stakeholder engagement important in risk management during public health project planning?

A

It focuses solely on gaining community support.

B

It helps identify potential risks early and manage them effectively.

C

It guarantees the smooth implementation of the project plan.

D

It ensures that all stakeholders are involved in data collection.

Q86

Which of the following sources of water is known to have a high mineral content?

A

Deep well water

B

Pond water

C

River water

D

Rainwater

Q87

What is the primary cause of global warming?

A

Methane emissions from livestock.

B

Natural changes in solar radiation patterns.

C

Deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels.

D

Volcanic eruptions releasing carbon dioxide.

Q88

What are the three components of the trials triad in basic and applied epidemiology?

A

Intervention, Control Group, Outcome

B

Intervention, Comparison, Study Design

C

Intervention, Comparison, Outcome

D

Participants, Comparison, Intervention

Q89

What is a primary advantage of implementing eHealth applications and telemedicine in public health systems?

A

They eliminate the need for in-person medical consultations.

B

They significantly increase healthcare costs.

C

They reduce the need for healthcare professionals.

D

They provide a primary advantage of improving access to healthcare services, especially in remote and underserved areas.

Q90

Which payment model incentivizes healthcare providers to control costs by paying a fixed amount per patient regardless of the actual services rendered?

A

Value-based reimbursement

B

Capitation

C

Retrospective payment

D

Fee-for-service

Q91

The Government of Nepal has set a goal to eliminate malaria by which year?

A

2035

B

2020

C

2025

D

2030

Q92

What is the primary purpose of implementing sugar taxes on sugary drinks in public health policies?

A

To raise government revenue

B

To reduce healthcare costs associated with sugary drink consumption

C

To reduce the consumption of sugary drinks

D

To promote the use of artificial sweeteners

Q93

Which of the following study types does not use individuals as the unit of study?

A

Cross-sectional studies

B

Cohort studies

C

Case-control studies

D

Ecological studies

Q94

Asbestosis is primarily caused by the inhalation of which substance?

A

Inhaling asbestos fibers

B

Inhaling silica particles

C

Exposure to heavy metals like lead

D

Prolonged exposure to coal dust

Q95

What is the wavelength range of visible light?

A

400 nm

B

600 nm

C

700 nm

D

500 nm

Q96

Which of the following healthcare services focuses primarily on managing the quality of life for individuals with serious, life-limiting illnesses?

A

Rehabilitative care

B

Preventive care

C

Curative care

D

Palliative care

Q97

Which of the following is considered a macronutrient?

A

Vitamins

B

Trace elements

C

Minerals

D

Carbohydrates

Q98

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in maintaining homeostasis?

A

Regulation of blood sugar levels through insulin secretion

B

Contraction of the uterus during childbirth

C

Lowering of blood pressure through kidney excretion

D

Blood clotting after an injury

Q99

Which of the following is the primary mode of malaria transmission?

A

Through contaminated water

B

By the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito

C

Through contact with contaminated food

D

Via respiratory droplets

Q100

What is the primary mode of transmission for rabies?

A

Airborne transmission

B

Contaminated food and water

C

Direct contact with an infected animal's saliva through bites

D

Vector-borne transmission

Q101

Which of the following is NOT an example of an out-of-pocket payment in healthcare?

A

Deductible for an office visit

B

Payment for a prescription drug without insurance coverage

C

Coinsurance for a hospital stay

D

Health insurance premium

Q102

In descriptive epidemiology, what do the terms Person, Place, and Time collectively describe?

A

Characteristics of individuals such as age and gender

B

Geographical distribution of health-related events

C

Trends and patterns in the occurrence of diseases

D

The distribution of health-related events by personal characteristics, geographic location, and time

Q103

Which of the following is the best indicator of the sustainability of a health promotion program?

A

Implementing regular program evaluations.

B

Securing ongoing funding from diverse sources.

C

Demonstrating measurable positive health outcomes.

D

Maintaining strong community engagement and participation.

Q104

What is a primary objective of family planning in the context of public health?

A

To encourage pregnancies at an earlier age

B

To restrict access to birth control methods for young adults

C

To enable individuals to plan, space, and limit their children to achieve improved health outcomes

D

To promote larger family sizes as a societal goal

Q105

What is the primary purpose of the coefficient of variation in public health research?

A

To assess the relative variability of a dataset compared to its mean

B

To visualize data distribution through graphs

C

To determine the statistical significance of a difference between groups

D

To measure the central tendency of a dataset

Q106

Which of the following represents a primary responsibility of a public health administrator during a public health emergency?

A

Delivering individual medical care as opposed to population-level interventions

B

Restricting the response efforts exclusively to government-operated healthcare facilities

C

Primarily focusing on the financial aspects of the crisis

D

Overseeing the coordination of immediate responses and the strategic allocation of resources

Q107

Which model is primarily used for planning and assessing health education strategies in populations?

A

Health Belief Model

B

Haddon Matrix

C

Social Ecological Model

D

PRECEDE-PROCEED Model

Q108

What is a key advantage of utilizing secondary data in public health research?

A

It facilitates the testing of new interventions

B

It offers insights into individual behaviors

C

It ensures data accuracy

D

It is less expensive and less time-consuming

Q109

What does PM2.5 refer to in the context of air pollution?

A

Carbon monoxide, a deadly gas produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels.

B

Ground-level ozone formed from the interaction of sunlight with pollutants like nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds.

C

Nitrogen dioxide, a gaseous pollutant primarily emitted by vehicles and industrial processes.

D

Fine particulate matter measuring less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, typically arising from combustion processes and natural sources.

Q110

What type of vaccine is the Salk vaccine?

A

Killed vaccine

B

Live attenuated vaccine

C

Toxoid

D

Live vaccine

Q111

Which demographic factor is most associated with the emergence of infectious disease outbreaks?

A

Population density

B

Globalization

C

Urbanization

D

Aging population

Q112

What is a primary reason for exclusion in public health contexts?

A

Socioeconomic status

B

Access to technology

C

Cultural barriers

D

Racial discrimination

Q113

What is the primary purpose of audience analysis in health communication within health promotion and education?

A

To simply disseminate health information to the public.

B

To design messages that ensure immediate behavior change.

C

To focus solely on the cultural aspects of communication without considering other factors.

D

To assess the knowledge, beliefs, and cultural background of the audience to tailor messages effectively.

Q114

Which group should routinely receive the meningococcal meningitis vaccine?

A

Laboratory workers

B

Elderly population

C

Children aged 4-8 years

D

Young adolescents

Q115

What is the primary purpose of conducting a risk assessment in public health project planning?

A

To evaluate the project's impact

B

To identify potential risks and develop mitigation strategies

C

To monitor project progress

D

To allocate resources effectively

Q116

Which of the following Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is primarily focused on ensuring healthy lives and well-being for all at all ages?

A

SDG 13: Climate Action

B

SDG 4: Quality Education

C

SDG 5: Gender Equality

D

SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being

Q117

Which model is commonly used for evaluating the performance of healthcare delivery systems?

A

Balanced Scorecard

B

SWOT Analysis

C

World Health Organization (WHO) Framework

D

Donabedian model

Q118

Which method is commonly used in health economics to estimate the costs of a health intervention relative to its outcomes?

A

Cost-Utility Analysis

B

Cost-Minimization Analysis

C

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

D

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Q119

Which technology is primarily used in health systems to map and analyze the geographical distribution of diseases and health trends?

A

Electronic Medical Records (EMRs)

B

Telemedicine

C

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

D

Big Data Analytics

Q120

Which of the following is the primary health impact of lead exposure in humans?

A

Kidney function

B

Cardiovascular system

C

Nervous system

D

Respiratory system

Q121

What is the current status of the vaccine against malaria?

A

Currently in use

B

Undergoing clinical trials

C

In the development stage

D

Not yet available for public use

Q122

What is the primary purpose of the Logical Framework Matrix in sustainability planning for public health projects?

A

It is a tool used primarily for data collection in public health projects.

B

It is a method for assessing the environmental impact of health interventions.

C

It is a framework for planning, monitoring, and evaluating projects with a focus on sustainability.

D

It is a budgeting technique to allocate resources efficiently in project management.

Q123

Which of the following is a key factor considered in epidemiology when analyzing disease transmission from a socio-anthropological perspective?

A

Environmental exposures

B

Genetic predisposition

C

Cultural beliefs and practices

D

Pathogen transmission routes

Q124

Which of the following is commonly regarded as a challenge in family health?

A

Chronic diseases affecting multiple family members

B

Access to healthcare services being readily available

C

Engaging in regular physical activity

D

Access to nutritious food being readily available

Q125

Which method is primarily used to evaluate the long-term effects and outcomes of health promotion programs?

A

Outcome evaluation

B

Process evaluation

C

Formative evaluation

D

Impact evaluation

Q126

Which of the following is the best strategy to promote psychological health in a community?

A

Expanding immunization programs

B

Establishing community-based support networks

C

Implementing disease surveillance programs

D

Developing public health policies

Q127

What is the primary purpose of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in relation to health informatics?

A

To facilitate the sharing of health data for research purposes.

B

To promote the use of advanced data encryption in healthcare systems.

C

To ensure the accuracy of demographic data in public health studies.

D

To protect the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information.

Q128

What is the primary purpose of Healthcare Management Information Systems (HMIS) and District Health Information Systems (DHIS)?

A

To provide funding for healthcare programs

B

To manage electronic health records

C

To collect and analyze health data for improved decision-making

D

To provide direct patient care

Q129

Which type of random sampling ensures that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected?

A

Systematic sampling

B

Simple random sampling

C

Stratified sampling

D

Cluster sampling

Q130

What is the primary purpose of analytic epidemiology?

A

Monitor trends in disease incidence and prevalence over time.

B

Evaluate the effectiveness of public health interventions.

C

Determine the causes of diseases and associated risk factors.

D

Describe the distribution patterns of diseases within populations.

Q131

What is the primary purpose of budgeting in public health administration?

A

Ensuring compliance with legal requirements

B

Monitoring and evaluating program outcomes

C

Reducing operational costs

D

Allocating resources to meet public health objectives

Q132

In the context of Sociology and Anthropology, how are emotions typically viewed regarding their origin and expression?

A

Emotions are solely determined by biological factors and do not vary across cultures.

B

Emotions are a topic more relevant to psychology than Sociology or Anthropology.

C

Emotions are a combination of biological and cultural factors.

D

Emotions are socially constructed and vary significantly across different cultures.

Q133

What is the most effective strategy for mitigating environmental health risks?

A

Providing medical treatment for individuals with respiratory disorders

B

Targeting healthcare interventions exclusively toward high-risk populations

C

Implementing public health strategies aimed at reducing pollution and enhancing sanitation

D

Administering advanced medical treatments for environmentally induced illnesses

Q134

Which of the following food and health policies is primarily implemented to reduce the burden of micronutrient deficiencies in populations most at risk?

A

Taxation on sugary beverages to reduce their consumption

B

Food fortification programs, such as iodized salt and enriched flour

C

Mandatory nutrition labeling on packaged foods

D

Agricultural subsidies for corn and soy production

Q135

Which of the following is a fundamental right for students in public health education?

A

Participation in health policy decisions

B

Training in cultural competence

C

Access to quality education

D

A safe learning environment

Q136

What is the most effective strategy to improve reproductive health outcomes in public health?

A

Providing free contraceptives without proper education.

B

Reducing funding for family planning services.

C

Increasing the price of maternal healthcare services.

D

Implementing community-based sexual education.

Q137

What is the primary goal of Universal Health Coverage in global health?

A

Improving healthcare infrastructure

B

Protecting individuals from financial hardship due to healthcare costs

C

Reducing the burden of infectious diseases

D

Ensuring access to essential healthcare services

Q138

What is the most effective method to prevent diarrhea in communities?

A

Enhancing food hygiene practices

B

Promoting the use of antidiarrheal medications

C

Improving water supply and sanitation

D

Increasing the use of antibiotics

Q139

Which of the following is the most appropriate method to control for a confounding variable in the design phase of a study?

A

Randomization in a randomized controlled trial (RCT)

B

Matching in a case-control study

C

Statistical adjustment during data analysis

D

Stratification in a cohort study

Q140

In epidemiology, for which of the following is a population-based study most useful?

A

Evaluating the effects of rare environmental or behavioral exposures on health outcomes

B

Examining the distribution and determinants of common diseases across large populations

C

Evaluating the effectiveness of clinical interventions in real-world settings

D

Assessing the efficacy of interventions through randomized controlled trials

Q141

What is the primary focus of the social determinants of health as studied in Sociology and Anthropology?

A

Health behaviors and access to healthcare services.

B

Cultural beliefs and practices.

C

Socioeconomic status, education, and neighborhood environment.

D

Biological factors such as genetics and disease pathogens.

Q142

Which technology has significantly advanced the field of personalized nutrition?

A

Wearable devices

B

Blockchain in supply chains

C

CRISPR gene-editing

D

3D food printing

Q143

Which condition is characterized by the compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow?

A

Radial tunnel syndrome

B

Carpal tunnel syndrome

C

Cubital tunnel syndrome

D

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Q144

In post-colonial contexts, what is a significant challenge when implementing public health campaigns?

A

The dominance of Western medical practices over traditional ones.

B

Disregard for traditional healing practices among local populations.

C

Lack of funding for public health initiatives.

D

Failure to recognize the diversity of local health beliefs and practices.

Q145

Which of the following is a key primary health care strategy for addressing visual impairment in public health?

A

Screening for glaucoma in asymptomatic populations

B

Providing access to corrective eyewear for individuals with refractive errors

C

Performing cataract surgery in community clinics

D

Prescribing medications for age-related macular degeneration

Q146

Which of the following food substances contains a high amount of fat?

A

Butter, cheese, and oil

B

Milk, eggs, and beans

C

Rice and maize

D

None of the above

Q147

Health policies developed through public health administration should primarily aim to achieve which of the following?

A

Prioritize specialized medical treatments exclusively

B

Restrict access to essential healthcare services

C

Focus on the interests of private healthcare providers

D

Enhance overall population health and reduce health disparities

Q148

When managing a public health project with tight deadlines, what is the most effective way to prioritize tasks?

A

Prioritize based on stakeholder preferences.

B

Focus solely on the urgency of each task.

C

Set clear criteria based on alignment with project goals and impact.

D

Allocate equal time to all tasks to ensure fairness.

Q149

Which of the following are included in the components of an epidemiological trial?

A

Agent

B

Host

C

Environment

D

All of the above

Q150

What is the typical incubation period of Giardiasis?

A

1-2 weeks

B

7-10 days

C

1-2 days

D

3-4 weeks

Q151

Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for public health students when presenting data visualizations in research and biostatistics?

A

Keeping graphs simple and avoiding unnecessary 3D effects

B

Using 3D graphics to make data visualizations more engaging

C

Using appropriate software tools like R or Python for data analysis

D

Practicing statistical interpretation regularly

Q152

What is the primary purpose of implementing free essential health programs and joint private-public initiatives in public health?

A

To promote a specific political agenda

B

To reduce financial barriers to healthcare access for vulnerable populations

C

To create research opportunities for public health studies

D

To increase profits for private healthcare providers

Q153

What is the main purpose of using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in public health?

A

Analyzing laboratory test results.

B

Developing new treatments for infectious diseases.

C

Mapping the geographic distribution of diseases.

D

Managing healthcare budgets and resource allocation.

Q154

How can students of public health apply principles from sociology and anthropology to address health issues?

A

By primarily focusing on statistical analysis of health trends.

B

By applying medical knowledge to develop new treatments.

C

By specializing in the psychological aspects of individual health decisions.

D

By understanding social determinants of health and cultural influences on behavior.

Q155

Which of the following health effects is most directly linked to climate change?

A

An increase in mental health issues related to natural disasters.

B

An increase in vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.

C

A rise in respiratory illnesses caused by poor air quality.

D

An increase in cardiovascular diseases due to more frequent extreme weather events.

Q156

From a sociological and anthropological perspective, which of the following best explains how marriage practices as a social institution can influence public health outcomes?

A

Early marriage is often associated with negative public health outcomes, such as higher rates of adolescent pregnancy and limited access to healthcare.

B

Marriage practices are solely determined by biological factors and do not vary across cultures.

C

Marriage customs and traditions do not play a role in shaping public health policies related to maternal and child health.

D

The legal recognition of marriage does not have any significant impact on health outcomes for individuals or communities.

Q157

Malaria is caused by a parasite that is transmitted through the bite of which vector?

A

Flea

B

Tick

C

Louse

D

Mosquito

Q158

What is the primary function of the aorta in the circulatory system?

A

To pump blood throughout the body

B

To transport oxygen-rich blood from the heart to other arteries

C

To filter waste from the blood

D

To regulate blood pressure

Q159

Which of the following groups is particularly vulnerable to the effects of drug abuse within a family setting?

A

Children

B

New parents

C

Elderly

D

All of the above

Q160

What is the primary strategy for preventing blindness in low-resource settings due to trachoma?

A

Community health education

B

Cataract surgery

C

SAFE Strategy

D

Vitamin A supplementation

Q161

Which of the following is a common focus of cost containment reforms in health systems?

A

Implementing value-based payment models

B

Increasing the supply of specialized healthcare providers

C

Promoting the use of generic drugs

D

Expanding health insurance coverage to all citizens

Q162

Which international organization was established in 1907 to coordinate public health efforts globally?

A

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)

B

Office International d'Hygiène Publique (OIHP)

C

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

D

World Health Organization (WHO)

Q163

What is the most prevalent category of workplace injuries?

A

Musculoskeletal injuries and disorders

B

Eye injuries sustained in workplace environments

C

Chemical burns resulting from chemical exposure

D

Occupationally acquired infectious diseases

Q164

What is the primary way to address burnout and high turnover among healthcare workers?

A

Offer financial incentives for overtime

B

Provide mental health support and stress management programs

C

Restructure the organizational hierarchy

D

Increase workload to challenge employees

Q165

What do the coefficients in a multiple regression model represent in the context of public health research?

A

The probability that the dependent variable will occur based on the values of the independent variables.

B

The strength and direction of the correlation between the dependent variable and an independent variable, ignoring the effects of other variables.

C

The causative relationship between the independent and dependent variables, proving causation.

D

The change in the dependent variable for a one-unit change in the independent variable, while holding all other independent variables constant.

Q166

What is the primary purpose of stratification in public health population studies?

A

To standardize the data collected from participants for analytical purposes.

B

To enhance the diversity of the sample population.

C

To ensure proportional representation of various demographic groups within the study sample.

D

To categorize a population into distinct subgroups based on specific characteristics, such as age, gender, or socioeconomic status, in order to analyze particular trends or patterns.

Q167

Which of the following is a primary purpose of random sampling in public health research?

A

To decrease the costs associated with data collection

B

To ensure the sample is representative of the population and reduces selection bias

C

To reduce the number of confounding variables in the study

D

To increase the response rate of participants

Q168

Which of the following is the most effective strategy in controlling and preventing epidemics?

A

Vaccination

B

Public health education

C

Contact tracing

D

Quarantine

Q169

Which of the following is the most effective strategy for strengthening the healthcare workforce through training and capacity building for students of public health?

A

Traditional lectures

B

Self-directed learning

C

Workshops

D

Competency-based training

Q170

What is the public health approach to preventing the transmission of infectious diseases?

A

Genetic research and therapy

B

Implementation of vaccination, isolation, and improved sanitation practices ← CORRECT

C

Self-isolation and social distancing only

D

Treatment of individual patients

Q171

What is a common effect of chronic stress on the immune system relevant to public health?

A

Enhances immune response

B

Decreases inflammation

C

Reduces the risk of autoimmune diseases

D

Increases susceptibility to infections

Q172

What is a primary public health impact of deforestation and land degradation?

A

Increased biodiversity

B

Reduced greenhouse gas emissions

C

Increased risk of waterborne diseases

D

Improved air quality

Q173

What is the primary purpose of herd immunity in the context of vaccination?

A

To boost individual immune systems

B

To ensure everyone in the population is vaccinated

C

To prevent the spread of infectious diseases in a population

D

To eliminate all side effects of vaccines

Q174

Which type of host is defined as the one in which a parasite reaches maturity or completes its sexual stage?

A

Definitive host

B

Incidental host

C

Intermediate host

D

None of the above

Q175

Which of the following is a key component of family planning programs?

A

Maternal leave policies

B

Vaccination campaigns

C

Economic sanctions

D

Public health education

Q176

Which of the following provides the energy necessary for bodily functions?

A

Proteins

B

Dietary Fiber

C

Carbohydrates

D

Fats

Q177

Which of the following are proven strategies to enhance emotional well-being among public health students? (Select all that apply.)

A

Increased use of social media

B

Mindfulness and meditation

C

Frequent physical exercise

D

Time management and organization

Q178

What is the recommended temperature and duration for autoclaving standard surgical instruments to achieve sterilization?

A

121°C for 15 min

B

121°C for 30 min

C

134°C for 3 min

D

100°C for 60 min

Q179

Which of the following is the most effective primary prevention strategy to reduce community exposure to agricultural pesticide drift?

A

Installing chemical corrosion barriers on houses

B

Applying buffer strips of vegetation between fields and residential areas

C

Replacing pesticides with organochlorines

D

Disinfecting drinking water with chlorine

Q180

Which study design can provide both prevalence and incidence estimates?

A

Cohort

B

Case-control

C

Cross-sectional

D

Ecological

Q181

Which of the following surveillance system designs is most likely to provide data on the incidence of a disease in a specific population?

A

Passive surveillance

B

Sentinel surveillance

C

Active surveillance

D

Event-based surveillance

Q182

Which of the following is the leading cause of fatal occupational injuries in Nepal?

A

Road traffic accidents

B

Machinery accidents

C

Falls from height

D

Chemical exposures

Q183

Which of the following is a health data indicator that reflects access to essential health services?

A

Health expenditure per capita

B

Coverage of immunization

C

Life expectancy at birth

D

Mortality rate from communicable diseases

Q184

In stepwise regression, which criterion is commonly employed to determine the optimal number of predictors to retain in the final model?

A

p-value less than 0.05 for inclusion,

B

Minimization of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC),

C

Maximum partial F-statistic,

D

All of the above are acceptable criteria.

Q185

A pragmatic RCT differs from an explanatory RCT primarily in that it:

A

Uses placebo control

B

Focuses on efficacy under ideal conditions

C

Aims to inform real-world practice decisions

D

Requires double-blinding

Q186

The potential support ratio (PSR) is calculated as:

A

Number of persons aged 15-64 per person aged 65+

B

Number of children per woman

C

Crude death rate per 1,000 population

D

Net migration rate per 1,000 population

Q187

The 'Health for All by the year 2000' goal was adopted by the World Health Organization in which year?

A

1975

B

1978

C

1980

D

1990

Q188

Which of the following best describes the principle of "equity" in the context of Health for All and UHC?

A

Providing identical resources to everyone regardless of need

B

Allocating resources based on socioeconomic status to favor the wealthy

C

Ensuring that health services are distributed according to people's needs, with special attention to the disadvantaged

D

Limiting services to urban populations to improve efficiency

Q189

Which model of community health development focuses on the redistribution of power and resources to enable marginalized groups to gain control over their health?

A

Medical Model

B

Empowerment Model

C

Charity Model

D

Top-down Management Model

Q190

Which theory proposes that individuals learn new behaviours by observing others and that self-efficacy is central to behaviour change?

A

Theory of Planned Behavior

B

Social Cognitive Theory

C

Health Belief Model

D

Transtheoretical Model

Q191

Which of the following barriers is specific to mental health literacy in remote Himalayan villages?

A

Lack of internet connectivity for tele-psychiatry

B

High prevalence of non-communicable diseases

C

Cultural stigma attached to mental illness

D

Insufficient vaccination coverage

Q192

What is the legal age of consent for mental health treatment in Nepal?

A

12 years

B

15 years

C

18 years

D

21 years

Q193

The 'Plan-Do-Study-Act' cycle is most closely associated with:

A

program design

B

health financing

C

quality improvement

D

health information systems

Q194

Which indicator is most useful for measuring the 'Financial Protection' component of UHC?

A

Infant Mortality Rate

B

Ratio of doctors per 1,000 population

C

Incidence of catastrophic health expenditure

D

Number of hospital beds per capita

Q195

Which of the following is the primary indicator used by Nepal's Safe Motherhood Programme to monitor progress toward reducing maternal mortality at the national level?

A

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) per 100,000 live births

B

Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

C

Antenatal care coverage (≥4 visits)

D

Institutional delivery rate

Q196

Which of the following statements about the health impact of gender-based violence on adolescent girls is correct?

A

It increases the risk of early marriage but does not affect nutritional status

B

It is associated with higher likelihood of substance use, suicidal ideation, and poor school performance

C

It primarily leads to occupational injuries rather than reproductive health problems

D

It has no measurable effect on mental health in this age group

Q197

Micronutrient powders (MNP) are distributed to children 6–23 months in Nepal. What is the primary advantage of MNP over providing separate single-micronutrient tablets?

A

Improves adherence by reducing pill burden

B

Provides macronutrients as well as micronutrients

C

Eliminates the need for complementary foods

D

Guarantees 100 % of the RDA for all nutrients

Q198

According to the WHO guidelines for drinking water quality, what is the recommended maximum permissible limit for Arsenic in drinking water to prevent chronic toxicity?

A

0.01 mg/L

B

0.05 mg/L

C

0.1 mg/L

D

0.5 mg/L

Q199

Which of the following is a recognized occupational hazard that can lead to hearing loss?

A

Repeated static postures

B

High levels of carbon monoxide

C

Continuous exposure to noise >85 dB(A)

D

Frequent use of vibrating tools

Q200

Which Nepal policy specifically mandates the inclusion of marginalized ethnic groups in health service planning?

A

Health Sector Transformation Plan 2011

B

National Health Policy 2018

C

National Health Insurance Act 2019

D

All of the above