Masters in Public Health Licensure Exam preparation SET 2

Q1

What is a key outcome of Nepal's PHC revitalization efforts?

A

Increased urban healthcare costs

B

Improved rural health access

C

Decreased immunization rates

D

Reduced healthcare worker training

Q2

What is the primary purpose of identifying and mitigating project risks during the planning phase of a public health project?

A

To enhance community engagement throughout the project.

B

To reduce the likelihood and impact of potential risks.

C

To evaluate the effectiveness of the project outcomes.

D

To improve the allocation of project resources and budget.

Q3

What does the term 'endemic' mean in the context of epidemiology?

A

A disease consistently present and prevalent within a specific geographic area at a relatively low, stable rate.

B

A sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease over a wide geographic area.

C

A disease that has been completely eliminated from a population.

D

A disease that occasionally and unpredictably breaks out in small numbers within a specific area.

Q4

What is the primary function of Electronic Health Records (EHR)?

A

The secure storage and comprehensive management of patient health information in an electronic format.

B

The replacement of conventional paper-based systems for billing and administrative tasks.

C

The monitoring and evaluation of clinical staff performance metrics.

D

The dispensation of over-the-counter medications to patients.

Q5

What is the primary purpose of a causal inference framework in epidemiology?

A

To identify confounding variables

B

To establish the relationship between risk factors and disease

C

To predict disease trends

D

To calculate disease incidence

Q6

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary health care provider?

A

Cardiologist

B

Family Physician

C

Community Nurse

D

Public Health Pharmacist

Q7

According to the World Health Organization, approximately how many deaths worldwide are attributable to tobacco use each year?

A

1.5 million

B

7 million

C

15 million

D

3.5 million

Q8

What is the primary purpose of evaluating a referral system in public health?

A

To focus solely on patient satisfaction levels.

B

To assess the effectiveness of the system and identify areas for improvement.

C

To reduce the number of referrals made.

D

To increase the overall cost of healthcare services.

Q9

Which of the following is characteristic of descriptive epidemiology?

A

Examines the incidence and distribution of diseases in relation to person, place, and time.

B

Identifies associations between diseases and their potential causes.

C

Relates to actions taken to reduce exposure to factors affecting health.

D

Refers to interventions aimed at modifying exposure to studied factors.

Q10

During a rapidly evolving infectious disease outbreak, a public health leader must deliver timely updates, counter misinformation, and maintain public trust by clearly explaining changing recommendations to diverse audiences, including the general public, healthcare workers, and policymakers. Which leadership skill is most essential for fulfilling this specific responsibility?

A

Clear and consistent risk communication

B

Delegating operational tasks to subordinate staff

C

Conducting independent laboratory research

D

Negotiating annual budget allocations with legislators

Q11

What is the role of a community health assessment in public health practice?

A

To identify individual-level health risks

B

To evaluate the impact of a specific intervention

C

To develop a budget for health programs

D

To systematically collect and analyze data to understand community health needs and priorities

Q12

Which ethical principle is a foundation of health promotion and education?

A

Autonomy

B

Non-maleficence

C

Justice

D

Beneficence

Q13

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the World Health Organization (WHO) and national governments in shaping health policy?

A

WHO provides recommendations and guidelines, but final authority rests with national governments.

B

WHO and national governments share equal authority over health policies.

C

WHO dictates national health policies.

D

National governments have no role in global health policies.

Q14

What is the primary purpose of conducting strategic reviews and status reports in project planning and development for public health initiatives?

A

To identify and manage potential risks associated with the project.

B

To secure additional funding for the project.

C

To evaluate the final outcomes of the project.

D

To align project actions with strategic goals and ensure effective communication among stakeholders.

Q15

Which statement best describes a key feature of health policy?

A

Health policy only includes decisions made by government health departments

B

Health policy encompasses actions taken by various sectors to promote health and well-being

C

Health policy is primarily focused on the management of healthcare organizations

D

Health policy is mainly concerned with financial planning for healthcare services

Q16

Autoclaving is typically conducted under which of the following conditions?

A

120°C

B

Steam under pressure

C

Atmospheric pressure

D

All of the above

Q17

The net migration rate is calculated as the difference between which two measures?

A

Birth rate and death rate

B

Immigration rate and gross migration rate

C

Emigration rate and gross migration rate

D

Immigration rate and emigration rate

Q18

What is the primary purpose of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in the United States?

A

To Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

B

To Promote Industrial Growth

C

To Protect Public Health and Welfare

D

To Monitor Air Quality for Research Purposes

Q19

Which of the following is a key construct of the Social Cognitive Theory?

A

Behavioral intention

B

Self-esteem

C

Health locus of control

D

Self-efficacy

Q20

Which ethical principle is central to respecting the rights of individuals and communities in global health?

A

Beneficence

B

Justice

C

Autonomy

D

Non-maleficence

Q21

What is the primary role of Electronic Health Information Exchange (HIE) in public health?

A

To ensure data encryption for patient privacy

B

To enable the sharing of health information across healthcare organizations

C

To manage public health registries

D

To standardize data formats for medical billing

Q22

What does the basic reproduction number (R0) represent in viral epidemiology?

A

The average number of people one infected person can infect in a susceptible population.

B

The time between symptom onset in successive cases.

C

The percentage of the population that needs immunity for herd immunity.

D

The effectiveness of a vaccine in preventing infection.

Q23

Which of the following is a significant challenge commonly faced by students pursuing studies in public health?

A

Lack of interest in public health issues

B

Professional burnout due to workload

C

Isolation from community engagement

D

Limited funding for research and fieldwork

Q24

What is the primary advantage of using a crossover design in epidemiological studies?

A

Eliminates the need for a control group.

B

Controls for variability by having participants serve as their own controls.

C

Reduces the required sample size due to each participant acting as their own control.

D

Ensures all participants receive both treatments.

Q25

Anxiety is most closely associated with which of the following types of hazards?

A

Psychosocial hazard

B

Biological hazard

C

Physical hazard

D

Mechanical hazard

Q26

What is a common use of surveys in public health research?

A

To establish causality

B

To analyze qualitative data

C

To measure the prevalence of health behaviors or outcomes

D

To conduct experiments

Q27

What is the primary significance of health education and promotion planning?

A

It is based solely on community-based planning approaches

B

It relies exclusively on centralized planning oversight

C

It is unnecessary to consider planning in program development

D

To ensure the systematic and effective implementation of programs

Q28

How can ergonomic risks be mitigated in office settings?

A

By enforcing typing speed

B

By increasing screen brightness

C

By reducing break times

D

By ensuring proper chair and desk height

Q29

What is the most effective strategy for integrating mental health services into primary healthcare?

A

Creating separate mental health clinics in rural regions.

B

Reducing stigma around mental health through public awareness campaigns.

C

Training primary care workers to identify and manage mental health conditions.

D

Increasing the number of mental health specialists in urban areas.

Q30

Which of the following theories is most closely associated with the concept of 'stages of change'?

A

Health Belief Model

B

Transtheoretical Model

C

Theory of Planned Behavior

D

Social Cognitive Theory

Q31

What is typically considered the dependent variable in public health research studies?

A

Disease incidence

B

Socioeconomic status

C

Intervention type

D

Sample size

Q32

What is the primary goal of offering nutritious meals and nutrition education to children as part of public health initiatives?

A

To reduce the incidence of child obesity

B

To reduce the cost of healthcare in the long term

C

To promote a specific diet or cuisine

D

To improve children's overall health and cognitive development

Q33

Which participant selection method is best for ensuring a representative sample in public health research?

A

Simple random sampling

B

Convenience sampling

C

Stratified sampling

D

Snowball sampling

Q34

Which of the following is a key principle in providing humanitarian health assistance in emergency settings?

A

Provide assistance only to populations affected by conflict

B

Maximize the number of people served

C

Do no harm

D

Ensure long-term sustainability of health programs

Q35

What is the main purpose of using goal-setting techniques like SMART in public health nutrition?

A

To promote community engagement in health initiatives.

B

To help individuals create a clear and structured plan for achieving health goals.

C

To improve dietary habits among the population.

D

To increase nutritional knowledge in the community.

Q36

What is a key benefit of mHealth innovations in improving health communication and education for public health students?

A

They eliminate the need for in-person training.

B

They enable communication only through text messages.

C

They reduce the cost of healthcare delivery.

D

They improve access to real-time health data.

Q37

Which of the following is a key economic principle that is particularly important in healthcare management and planning?

A

Cost-Benefit Analysis

B

Elasticity of Demand

C

Opportunity Cost

D

Supply and Demand

Q38

In which of the following scenarios would a T-distribution be most appropriate for analysis?

A

When the data are categorical rather than numerical.

B

When the population variance is known and the sample size is large.

C

When comparing means across three or more groups.

D

When the population variance is unknown and the sample size is small.

Q39

Which of the following structures is absent from mature red blood cells in humans?

A

Nucleus

B

Cell membrane

C

Cytoplasm

D

Hemoglobin

Q40

Which emerging technological innovation has significantly enhanced access to healthcare services?

A

Telemedicine

B

Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)

C

Artificial Intelligence

D

Blockchain

Q41

When drawing conclusions in public health research, what is a key consideration to ensure the conclusions are responsibly interpreted?

A

Avoiding generalizations beyond the study sample and considering ethical implications.

B

Ensuring that conclusions are based on causal relationships rather than associations.

C

Focusing primarily on statistical significance without considering practical significance.

D

Prioritizing the publication of results over peer review.

Q42

What is a key sign/symptom of internal hemorrhage?

A

Visible bleeding from the wound

B

Delayed onset of symptoms

C

Decreased blood volume leading to hypotension

D

Slow heart rate with increased blood pressure

Q43

Which of the following is a critical component of health education for families with children?

A

Health information delivered only in English.

B

Focus solely on disease treatment rather than prevention.

C

One-size-fits-all health guidelines.

D

Culturally sensitive and age-appropriate health information.

Q44

Which of the following is a characteristic of a successful public health program evaluation?

A

The use of measurable objectives to assess program impact.

B

The reliance on anecdotal evidence.

C

The exclusion of stakeholder feedback.

D

The focus on process over outcomes.

Q45

What is the primary purpose of a gender analysis in public health?

A

To focus only on biological differences

B

To prioritize men's health over women's health

C

To disregard cultural differences in health behaviors

D

To identify and address gender inequalities in health outcomes

Q46

What is the primary focus of the field of environmental and occupational health?

A

The preservation of cultural heritage

B

The promotion of individual well-being

C

The enhancement of economic growth

D

The protection of environmental quality and the health and safety of workers

Q47

Which monitoring strategy is most effective for ensuring the long-term sustainability of public health projects?

A

Conducting regular financial audits and securing additional funding.

B

Engaging in stakeholder collaboration throughout the project lifecycle.

C

Defining and tracking key performance metrics over time.

D

Focusing solely on short-term project evaluation.

Q48

What is the primary purpose of focus groups in qualitative research?

A

To gather numerical data for statistical analysis.

B

To explore a topic in depth and gather diverse perspectives.

C

To test hypotheses and validate data.

D

To summarize the findings of a study.

Q49

Which of the following is a risk associated with untreated tuberculosis (TB) during pregnancy?

A

Untreated TB during pregnancy has no significant risks for the mother or the fetus.

B

Untreated TB during pregnancy increases the risk of premature labor and low birth weight and can transmit TB to the fetus.

C

Untreated TB during pregnancy only affects the mother's health and does not impact the fetus.

D

Untreated TB during pregnancy increases the risk of infertility and congenital anomalies in the fetus.

Q50

Which type of study design typically lacks a control group and randomization?

A

Quasi-experimental design

B

Experimental design

C

Pre-experimental design

D

Cross-sectional design

Q51

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes a pandemic from an epidemic?

A

The disease being caused by a newly identified pathogen

B

The speed at which the disease spreads

C

The number of cases exceeding a specific threshold

D

The geographic spread across multiple countries or globally

Q52

What is the primary purpose of budgeting in health economics for students of public health?

A

To reduce costs while maintaining service quality

B

To ensure compliance with financial regulations

C

To track health care expenditures over time

D

To align financial resources with public health goals and objectives

Q53

Which of the following is a core principle of the '10 Essential Public Health Services'?

A

Fund public health initiatives only.

B

Monitor health status to identify community health problems.

C

Provide clinical care to underserved populations.

D

Regulate ( bao ) medical practices.

Q54

Which of the following parasites does not develop a cyst stage?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

B

Enterobius vermicularis

C

Entamoeba histolytica

D

Giardia lamblia

Q55

What is a key way that health informatics impacts the effectiveness of public health interventions for students studying demography?

A

Health informatics reduces the need for trained public health professionals.

B

Health informatics improves the ability to collect and analyze demographic data.

C

Health informatics enhances the dissemination of health information to the public.

D

Health informatics simplifies the process of designing public health interventions.

Q56

What is a common short-term approach for disseminating epidemiological findings to inform public health decisions?

A

Presenting the findings at a professional conference.

B

Publishing the results in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.

C

Submitting a detailed report to public health officials.

D

Sharing the results on social media platforms.

Q57

What is the term for the process of identifying, securing, and managing resources to achieve public health goals?

A

Policy implementation

B

Resource mobilization

C

Partnership development

D

Program planning

Q58

The principle of 'right to know' in occupational health is related to:

A

The right of employees to take extended sick leave.

B

The right of employees to determine their own work schedules.

C

The right of employees to be informed about hazardous materials they may be exposed to.

D

The right of employees to avoid all work-related risks.

Q59

What does the Poverty Index primarily measure?

A

The level of income inequality within a population.

B

The life expectancy rates of individuals in a region.

C

A multidimensional assessment of social and economic indicators related to poverty.

D

The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of a country.

Q60

Which of the following is a key ethical guideline for health educators when handling client information?

A

Health educators should maintain the confidentiality of client information.

B

Health educators should always share client information with other healthcare providers.

C

Health educators should disclose clients' information to protect third parties.

D

Health educators should use client data for program evaluation without consent.

Q61

What is the main advantage of using social determinants of health in program planning?

A

Reduces program costs

B

Addresses root causes of health inequities

C

Increases program visibility

D

Simplifies data collection

Q62

In which stage of the demographic transition model does a population typically experience rapid growth?

A

Late Expanding Stage

B

High Stationary Stage

C

Early Expanding Stage

D

Low Stationary Stage

Q63

Which of the following factors most strongly influences health disparities?

A

Genetic predispositions among certain populations

B

Availability of healthcare services

C

Individual behaviors related to lifestyle choices

D

Social determinants of health

Q64

A community near an industrial zone reports increased rates of lung cancer. Which pollutant is most likely responsible?

A

Lead (Pb)

B

Ozone (O3)

C

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

D

Benzene

Q65

Which of the following is a weak base used in public health for water treatment?

A

Calcium hydroxide

B

Ammonia

C

Sodium hydroxide

D

Hydrochloric acid

Q66

What is the primary purpose of disease surveillance in public health?

A

Promoting vaccination programs

B

Providing immediate medical care to infected individuals

C

Identifying trends in disease occurrence over time

D

Ensuring that all individuals with the disease receive treatment

Q67

Which of the following is a primary source of air pollution in urban environments?

A

Agricultural practices

B

Oceanic currents

C

Deforestation activities

D

Emissions from vehicles

Q68

Which employment role best combines the study of demography with health informatics in the field of public health?

A

Public Health Data Analyst

B

Health Informatics Specialist

C

Epidemiologist

D

Health Educator

Q69

What is the primary purpose of telehealth in public health?

A

To improve access to healthcare services.

B

To replace in-person consultations entirely.

C

To collect demographic data for research.

D

To reduce healthcare costs.

Q70

What is the primary purpose of a systematic review?

A

To generate new data

B

To develop a research question

C

To identify a research problem

D

To synthesize and critically assess existing research on a specific topic

Q71

What is the primary ethical principle in health informatics that ensures individuals' health data privacy and autonomy?

A

Confidentiality

B

Data Security

C

Informed Consent

D

Beneficence

Q72

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Logical Framework Approach in public health project evaluation?

A

It assesses the long-term impacts of a project on a community's health outcomes.

B

It maps out the causal links between project activities and desired long-term outcomes.

C

It provides a detailed plan for monitoring and evaluating project activities and outcomes.

D

It systematically identifies internal strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in a project.

Q73

What form of immunity functions as the body's first line of defense and is characterized by its non-specific response?

A

Adaptive immunity (specific, delayed response)

B

Specific immunity (adaptive response)

C

Innate immunity (non-specific defense)

D

Community immunity (herd immunity)

Q74

In a manuscript, which section typically describes how the biostatistical analysis of the data was conducted?

A

Methods

B

Results

C

Discussion

D

Abstract

Q75

Which research paradigm is least concerned with the generalization of its findings?

A

Mixed research

B

Quantitative research

C

Qualitative research

D

None of the above

Q76

What is the primary reservoir for E. coli?

A

Sewage systems

B

Contaminated drinking water

C

Undercooked ground beef

D

Intestines of humans and animals

Q77

Which of the following best explains the importance of understanding scarcity in health economics?

A

It emphasizes increasing healthcare spending to match the demand for services.

B

It helps in reducing healthcare costs by eliminating unnecessary treatments.

C

It focuses primarily on the equitable distribution of health services.

D

It ensures that limited health resources are allocated efficiently to meet unlimited health needs.

Q78

Which of the following is the most significant factor influencing social health during adolescence?

A

Access to healthcare services

B

Peer influence and social networks

C

Economic stability and employment

D

Family support and structure

Q79

World Health Day is officially observed on which date?

A

May 12

B

April 7

C

April 27

D

April 6

Q80

Which of the following best represents the stages of the life-cycle approach to health?

A

Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood, Older adulthood

B

Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood

C

Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Young adulthood, Older adulthood

D

Prenatal, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood, Older adulthood

Q81

Which of the following is a current problem related to food security?

A

Improved food distribution networks

B

Enhanced food storage technologies

C

Rising food prices

D

Increasing agricultural productivity

Q82

What is the principal objective of occupational health?

A

Preventing occupational injuries and illnesses

B

Encouraging physical activity

C

Promoting healthy eating habits

D

Improving mental health in the workplace

Q83

How can public health professionals address health disparities related to cultural factors?

A

By solely relying on quantitative data to design interventions

B

By tailoring health interventions to the specific needs and values of the target population

C

By ignoring cultural differences in favor of broader population health goals

D

By applying a one-size-fits-all approach to health interventions

Q84

What is the most effective mechanism for ensuring intersectoral coordination between ministries, district authorities, and local governments in health system development?

A

A centralized system for sharing health data and information.

B

Regular meetings between ministry officials and local government representatives.

C

Joint planning and resource allocation processes that involve all stakeholders.

D

Aligning policy priorities across all levels of government.

Q85

What is a primary barrier to improving sexual and reproductive health outcomes among adolescents in many developing countries?

A

Lack of sexual and reproductive health education

B

Geopolitical instability in the region

C

Limited access to healthcare services

D

Economic instability around the globe

Q86

What is a key principle for effectively managing public health emergencies?

A

Prioritizing economic impact over public health measures

B

Ignoring international collaboration and working in isolation

C

Focusing solely on treating infected individuals without prevention

D

Ensuring clear and timely communication to the public

Q87

What is a known consequence of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Pellagra

B

Scurvy

C

Rickets or osteomalacia

D

Beriberi

Q88

What are the primary classifications of nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats

B

Macronutrients and Micronutrients

C

Vitamins and Minerals

D

Fiber, Water, and Electrolytes

Q89

Which disinfectant is most effective against non-enveloped viruses such as poliovirus?

A

70% ethanol

B

0.5% sodium hypochlorite

C

2% glutaraldehyde

D

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Q90

What is the maximum permissible concentration of benzene in workplace air as per OSHA PEL?

A

1 ppm

B

10 ppm

C

3 ppm

D

5 ppm

Q91

Age–standardized prevalence is calculated using which method?

A

Direct standardization

B

Indirect standardization

C

Standard error calculation

D

Poisson regression

Q92

During a micro-planning exercise, a municipality reports that 5,000 children aged 12-23 months are due for the first dose of pentavalent vaccine, but only 3,200 have a vaccination card recorded in the health information system. Which coverage indicator is most directly affected by this recording gap?

A

Routine immunization coverage

B

Vaccine wastage rate

C

Drop-out rate between pentavalent 1 and pentavalent 3

D

Completeness of administrative data

Q93

When assessing agreement between two observers classifying nutritional status (normal, underweight, overweight) using categories, which statistic is appropriate?

A

Pearson correlation

B

Cohen's kappa

C

Spearman's rho

D

Intraclass correlation coefficient

Q94

In the demographic transition model, stage 2 is characterized by which of the following?

A

Declining mortality and declining fertility

B

High birth and death rates

C

Falling mortality but still high fertility

D

Low mortality and high immigration

Q95

Which framework is used for implementing the Health Sector Strategy 2015-2030?

A

Health Sector Development Plan

B

Health Sector Reform Plan

C

Health Sector Implementation Blueprint

D

Health Sector Comprehensive Plan

Q96

Which communication model emphasizes feedback as a key component for effective health education?

A

Shannon-Weaver model

B

SMCR model

C

Berlo's SMCR model

D

Transactional model

Q97

Which model of care is being promoted in Nepal to replace the traditional 'asylum-based' psychiatric care?

A

Hospital-centric model

B

Community-based psychosocial model

C

Medical-only pharmacological model

D

Institutional custodial model

Q98

Which statement best describes the relationship between the WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) and a national essential medicines list in Nepal?

A

A national list should include all medicines on the WHO list and add local disease-prevalent drugs

B

A national list should follow WHO list exactly with no additions

C

A national list should be completely independent of WHO list

D

A national list should only include drugs available in private market

Q99

A 32-year-old postpartum woman who is exclusively breastfeeding seeks contraception. Which of the following is the most appropriate choice that will not interfere with lactation?

A

Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill

B

Progestin-only Pill (POP)

C

Estrogen-only patch

D

Combined Injectable Contraceptive

Q100

For a child aged 6-8 months, the recommended amount of complementary food per meal is:

A

1 spoonful

B

2-3 spoonfuls

C

5-6 spoonfuls

D

10 spoonfuls