Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences (BNYS) Licensing Exam preparation SET 2

Q1

Which ancient physician's writings are often cited as an early influence on naturopathic philosophy because of his emphasis on natural healing and diet?

A

Hippocrates

B

Galen

C

Avicenna

D

Sushruta

Q2

If a patient has a cold and is experiencing mucus production, a practitioner believing in Vis Medicatrix Naturae would view the mucus as:

A

A harmful waste product to be stopped immediately

B

A sign of a failing immune system

C

A mechanism for expelling pathogens and toxins

D

An irrelevant symptom with no purpose

Q3

Which element is most closely associated with the function of the respiratory system according to Panchabhuta theory?

A

Jala (Water)

B

Vayu (Air)

C

Agni (Fire)

D

Prithvi (Earth)

Q4

Which of the following is a key principle of naturopathic sleep hygiene?

A

Sleeping in a brightly lit room to stay alert

B

Maintaining a consistent bedtime and wake-time even on weekends

C

Napping for 4-5 hours during the day to replace night sleep

D

Consuming heavy meals right before bedtime

Q5

Which condition is a contraindication for the use of high-dose herbal diuretics in a naturopathic treatment plan?

A

Mild fluid retention

B

Severe electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia)

C

Mild hypertension

D

Mild edema

Q6

Which mud type is best suited for oily or acne-prone skin?

A

Heavy red clay only

B

Oil-based mud packs

C

Kaolin or bentonite clay-based mud

D

Petroleum jelly-enriched mud

Q7

Which acupuncture point is located on the forearm, 2 cun above the transverse wrist crease, and is used for nausea and vomiting?

A

PC6 (Neiguan)

B

LI4 (Hegu)

C

ST36 (Zusanli)

D

SP6 (Sanyinjiao)

Q8

The contraindication of colour therapy includes:

A

All chronic conditions

B

Epilepsy and photosensitive conditions

C

Only acute conditions

D

No contraindications exist

Q9

Which of the following best defines therapeutic fasting in naturopathic practice?

A

Complete abstinence of all food and water for 24 hours

B

Abstinence from food and drink except water for a specified period to promote healing

C

Consumption of only fruit juices for 3 days

D

Eating one meal per day for a week

Q10

Which of the following vegetarian protein sources has the highest biological value?

A

Wheat gluten

B

Lentils

C

Dairy proteins

D

Rice protein

Q11

A patient with a history of gout is advised against prolonged fasting because fasting can:

A

Increase uric acid production via purine catabolism

B

Decrease renal urate excretion

C

Both A and B

D

Neither A nor B

Q12

A patient on a naturopathic diet for hypertension is advised to limit alcohol. The maximum recommended intake is:

A

2 standard drinks/day for men, 1 for women

B

4 standard drinks/day for men, 2 for women

C

No alcohol allowed

D

1 standard drink/day for both sexes

Q13

Kapalbhati is classified under which category of pranayama according to Hatha Yoga Pradipika?

A

Kumbhaka (retention) pranayama

B

Shatkarma (cleansing) technique

C

Sahita (with retention) pranayama

D

Kevala (spontaneous) pranayama

Q14

Which of the following is the CORRECT description of the transition from Adho Mukha Svanasana to Padahasthasana in Surya Namaskar?

A

Jump feet forward between hands

B

Step feet forward one at a time

C

Lift hips higher

D

Straighten the arms

Q15

Which brainwave pattern is most prominently associated with the deep sleep phase of Yoga Nidra?

A

Beta (14-30 Hz)

B

Alpha (8-13 Hz)

C

Theta (4-7 Hz)

D

Delta (0.5-4 Hz)

Q16

In BNYS, which of the following is the recommended duration for daily Yoga Nidra practice for effective stress management?

A

5-10 minutes

B

15-20 minutes

C

30-45 minutes

D

1-2 hours

Q17

Which pair correctly matches a Yama with its literal meaning?

A

Satya - Non-violence, Ahimsa - Truthfulness

B

Asteya - Non-stealing, Brahmacharya - Moderation

C

Aparigraha - Non-attachment, Satya - Truthfulness

D

Saucha - Purity, Ahimsa - Non-attachment

Q18

Which of the following best describes 'sattva' as a guna in Patanjali's Yoga philosophy?

A

Purity and harmony

B

Passion and activity

C

Inertia and darkness

D

Ignorance and confusion

Q19

Which type of exercise is primarily used when the patient cannot actively move the joint due to paralysis or severe weakness?

A

Active range of motion

B

Active assisted range of motion

C

Passive range of motion

D

Resistance exercises

Q20

For a patient with chronic osteoarthritis of the knee, which ultrasound mode and intensity are most appropriate for pain relief?

A

Continuous 1 MHz at 2.0 W/cm²

B

Pulsed 1 MHz at 1.0 W/cm²

C

Continuous 3 MHz at 0.5 W/cm²

D

Pulsed 3 MHz at 0.3 W/cm²

Q21

In the context of postural correction, proprioceptive training is primarily aimed at improving:

A

Joint position sense

B

Muscle strength only

C

Cardiovascular endurance

D

Flexibility of connective tissue

Q22

Which ion's gradient is primarily maintained by the Na+/K+ ATPase pump, crucial for the resting membrane potential?

A

Sodium

B

Potassium

C

Chloride

D

Calcium

Q23

Which virus is associated with carcinoma of the cervix?

A

Hepatitis B virus

B

Human papillomavirus

C

Epstein-Barr virus

D

Human T-lymphotropic virus

Q24

A 30-year-old pregnant woman in her first trimester seeks naturopathic advice for severe nausea and vomiting persisting for 2 days. Which sign mandates referral to obstetrics?

A

Dehydration with urine output less than 500 ml/day

B

Mild weight loss of 1 kg

C

Preference for ginger tea

D

Mild constipation

Q25

The 'Prevalence Rate' of a disease is influenced by which of the following factors?

A

Only the incidence of the disease

B

Only the duration of the disease

C

Both incidence and duration of the disease

D

Neither incidence nor duration

Q26

The 'Social Cognitive Theory' emphasizes learning through:

A

Genetic inheritance only

B

Observation, imitation, and modeling of others' behaviors

C

Passive listening to lectures

D

Random guessing

Q27

A patient with chronic abdominal bloating reports improvement after consuming a specific fermented drink. Which probiotic beverage is most commonly used in naturopathy for restoring gut flora in such cases?

A

Kefir made from cow's milk

B

Kombucha tea fermented from black tea

C

Sauerkraut juice

D

Fermented soy tempeh

Q28

A patient following a naturopathic regimen for diabetes reports occasional dizziness after a morning herbal tea containing berberine. What is the most likely cause?

A

Berberine-induced hypoglycemia

B

Berberine causing hypertension

C

Berberine interacting with antihypertensive drugs

D

Berberine leading to electrolyte imbalance

Q29

A patient with osteopenia and chronic knee pain is advised to use magnetotherapy. What is the recommended polarity and duration for therapeutic effect?

A

Static north-pole magnet over knee for 30 minutes daily

B

Pulsed electromagnetic field at 15 Hz for 20 minutes, three times a week

C

Alternating polarity magnet applied for 5 minutes twice daily

D

High-frequency microwave magnetotherapy for 10 minutes

Q30

During a community health outreach, a naturopathic practitioner plans to use a colour-light tent for immunomodulation. Which combination of colours is believed to synergistically enhance both humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

A

Red and blue

B

Green and violet

C

Yellow and orange

D

Blue and green

Q31

During a mud therapy session, a practitioner observes that the mud pack becomes difficult to remove and leaves a residue on the skin. Which factor is most likely responsible for this outcome?

A

Using clay with low specific surface area

B

Applying the mud pack at excessive thickness

C

Using overly mature or aged clay with poor binding properties

D

Inadequate cleansing of the application site before packing

Q32

Which of the following actions would be considered 'anti-holistic' according to Naturopathic principles?

A

Recommending a diet change for a migraine patient

B

Using a sedative to silence a symptom without investigating its cause

C

Integrating breathing exercises into a recovery plan

D

Considering the patient's emotional stress in treating hypertension

Q33

The primary stimulus for renin release from juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney is:

A

Increased blood volume

B

Increased sodium chloride delivery to the macula densa

C

Decreased perfusion pressure in the afferent arteriole

D

Increased atrial natriuretic peptide

Q34

A prodrug requires activation by plasma esterases. Which concomitant medication is most likely to diminish its therapeutic effect?

A

A cholinesterase inhibitor

B

A CYP3A4 inducer

C

A loop diuretic

D

A beta-blocker

Q35

Which of the following is the primary physiological goal of 'therapeutic juice fasting' as opposed to complete water fasting?

A

To completely eliminate the need for autophagy

B

To provide essential vitamins and minerals while maintaining a digestive rest

C

To increase the rate of protein catabolism

D

To prevent the production of ketone bodies

Q36

The 'Vam' Bija mantra is specifically used to stimulate which energy center?

A

Muladhara

B

Svadhisthana

C

Manipura

D

Anahata

Q37

Which supine yoga pose is recommended to relieve lower back pain and improve circulation when performed regularly?

A

Supta Baddha Konasana

B

Supta Matsyendrasana

C

Viparita Karani

D

Salamba Sirsasana

Q38

Which proprioceptive-neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching technique uses an isometric contraction of the target muscle followed by a relaxed stretch?

A

static stretch

B

ballistic stretch

C

contract-relax

D

hold-relax

Q39

Which of the following physiological changes is most consistently observed after a 10-minute session of Kapalbhati in healthy adults?

A

Decrease in basal metabolic rate

B

Increase in serum cortisol levels

C

Rise in oxygen saturation and reduction in heart rate variability

D

Increase in sympathetic nerve activity as measured by skin conductance

Q40

Which publication, often associated with early naturopathic literature, helped disseminate nature cure principles in the late 19th century?

A

The Lancet

B

The Nature's Path Journal

C

The Eclectic Medical Review

D

The American Journal of Naturopathy

Q41

After a 20-minute mud pack is removed from the knee, which post-application step is recommended to prevent skin maceration?

A

Rinse with lukewarm water

B

Apply a moisturizing oil

C

Wrap the area with a dry gauze

D

Expose the skin to ambient air for 10 minutes

Q42

Which herbal expectorant is traditionally recommended in Nepali naturopathy for a dry cough associated with bronchial asthma?

A

Gentian root decoction

B

Mullein leaf infusion

C

Licorice root tea

D

Eucalyptus leaf broth

Q43

The eight limbs can be grouped into external (bahya) and internal (antar) practices. Which of the following lists contains only internal limbs?

A

Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana, Samadhi

B

Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama

C

Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya, Aparigraha

D

Santosha, Tapas, Svadhyaya, Ishvara Pranidhana

Q44

What is the primary objective of integrating yoga into Nepal's National Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) control programme at the PHC level?

A

To replace all allopathic medicines

B

To provide a low-cost lifestyle intervention that reduces risk factors

C

To train physicians in advanced asanas

D

To increase hospital admissions for yoga therapy

Q45

The principle that "the body tends toward a state of equilibrium" is analogous to which modern physiological concept?

A

Homeostatic regulation

B

Apoptosis

C

Metastasis

D

Neurotransmitter excess

Q46

A client on a prolonged fasting regimen presents with dizziness, blurred vision, and a random blood glucose of 45 mg/dL. What is the appropriate action?

A

Give oral glucose

B

Continue fasting

C

Refer to the emergency department

D

Advise drinking more water

Q47

A 55-year-old man with metabolic syndrome is advised to adopt a natural vegetarian diet to improve insulin sensitivity. Which combination best reflects a low-glycemic, high-fiber meal according to BNYS guidelines?

A

White rice, chickpea curry, banana

B

Whole-grain barley, lentil soup, mixed greens

C

Ragi porridge, fried potatoes, mango chutney

D

Mashed potatoes, butter, boiled carrots

Q48

A patient undergoing a 72-hour therapeutic fast experiences mild dizziness and headache. Which immediate intervention is most appropriate according to BNYS guidelines?

A

Administer a high-carbohydrate snack immediately

B

Encourage consumption of 250 ml of electrolyte-balanced water

C

Discontinue the fast and resume normal diet

D

Increase physical activity to boost circulation

Q49

Which herb is traditionally employed in naturopathic protocols to enhance phase II hepatic detoxification via glutathione conjugation?

A

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum)

B

Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

C

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)

D

Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

Q50

Which chakra is traditionally represented by the color violet in modern yoga interpretations?

A

Sahasrara

B

Ajna

C

Manipura

D

Svadhisthana

Q51

In the BNYS curriculum, a mono-fruit fast using a citrus fruit is most appropriately indicated for an acute respiratory infection because citrus provides vitamin C and its bioflavonoids support capillary integrity. Which citrus fruit is most commonly recommended for this purpose in naturopathic practice?

A

Navel orange

B

Lemon

C

Grapefruit

D

Lime

Q52

Which manual therapy technique is commonly used to address forward head posture?

A

Cervical traction

B

Mulligan mobilization

C

Acupressure

D

Chiropractic adjustment

Q53

In Patanjali's framework, 'samyama' combines which three practices performed in successive order?

A

Dharana, dhyana, samadhi

B

Yama, niyama, asana

C

Pranayama, pratyahara, dharana

D

Shatkarmas, mudras, bandhas

Q54

Which yoga posture is contraindicated in a patient with an active duodenal ulcer due to increased intra-abdominal pressure?

A

Mayurasana (Peacock Pose)

B

Viparita Karani (Legs-up-the-Wall Pose)

C

Shavasana (Corpse Pose)

D

Sukhasana (Easy Pose)

Q55

The term "social determinant of health" includes all of the following except:

A

Education level

B

Genetic predisposition

C

Employment status

D

Housing conditions

Q56

According to naturopathic sleep hygiene, which environmental modification is most supportive of restorative sleep?

A

Keeping bedroom temperature at 18-20 °C and using dim lighting

B

Leaving bright television on overnight

C

Sleeping with multiple electronic devices on the nightstand

D

Using heavy scented candles

Q57

The practice of Shanmukhi Mudra, where the ears, eyes, nostrils, and mouth are closed by the fingers, is primarily intended to:

A

Regulate the thyroid gland

B

Withdraw the senses (Pratyahara)

C

Increase the heart rate

D

Stimulate the root chakra

Q58

During gait, the 'foot flat' subphase of stance is primarily characterized by:

A

Ankle moving into plantarflexion to prepare for push-off

B

Ankle in neutral position with weight distributed across the foot

C

Ankle dorsiflexing to absorb shock

D

Knee flexing to initiate swing

Q59

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the maintenance of alveolar fluid balance via active ion transport?

A

NKCC1 cotransporter

B

ENaC sodium channel

C

Aquaporin-5

D

CFTR chloride channel

Q60

The Sushumna nadi is said to pass through which set of energy centres?

A

All seven major chakras

B

Only the three lower chakras (Muladhara, Svadhisthana, Manipura)

C

Only the four upper chakras (Anahata, Vishuddha, Ajna, Sahasrara)

D

Only the crown chakra (Sahasrara)

Q61

A patient receiving TENS reports a tingling sensation together with mild muscle twitching. Which electrode configuration is most likely being used?

A

Sensory level stimulation with low frequency

B

Motor level stimulation with high frequency

C

Burst mode at 10 Hz

D

Continuous mode at 80 Hz

Q62

Which magnetotherapy polarity is recommended for treating knee osteoarthritis?

A

north to south across the joint

B

south to north across the joint

C

both poles alternating

D

single pole only

Q63

A strict vegan patient on a natural diet develops night blindness. Which natural food combination would best address this deficiency without animal products?

A

White rice and lentils

B

Raw carrots, mangoes, and dark green leafy vegetables cooked with oil

C

Refined wheat bread and honey

D

Bananas and coconut water

Q64

In a BNYS clinical setup, heliotherapy for a patient with tuberculous lymphadenitis (scrofula) traditionally targets exposure to which body region?

A

Abdomen

B

Neck and upper chest

C

Lower limbs

D

Lumbar region

Q65

In BNYS dietetics for diabetic patients, 'net carbs' are calculated as:

A

Total carbohydrate minus sugar alcohols (if any)

B

Total carbohydrate minus dietary fibre

C

Total carbohydrate minus fat

D

Total carbohydrate minus protein

Q66

Which Niyama is closely associated with the practice of studying sacred yogic texts for self-knowledge?

A

Svadhyaya

B

Tapas

C

Saucha

D

Ishvara Pranidhana

Q67

The concept of 'terrain' in naturopathy refers to:

A

The specific pathogen causing infection

B

The internal environment of the body influencing disease susceptibility

C

The external climate of the patient's location

D

The genetic makeup of the patient alone

Q68

In a yoga-based management plan for chronic low back pain, which supportive lifestyle advice is emphasized in BNTS to complement asana practice?

A

Maintain a neutral spine while sitting and use a lumbar roll

B

Avoid all forms of walking

C

Sleep on a very soft mattress

D

Consume a high-protein diet only

Q69

A naturopath recommends a daily serving of sprouted broccoli for its chemoprotective potential. The key phytochemical responsible is:

A

Indole-3-carbinol

B

Lycopene

C

Sulforaphane

D

Quercetin

Q70

For a Female Community Health Volunteer (FCHV) session on menstrual health, which naturopathic topic is most suitable?

A

Benefits of milk

B

Role of yoga nidra

C

Use of herbal decoctions for dysmenorrhea

D

Importance of daily mud packs

Q71

A patient with gout wishes to use mud therapy for the affected knee. Which mud temperature and duration would be most appropriate?

A

Hot mud at 45 °C for 20 min

B

Warm mud at 38 °C for 30 min

C

Cold mud at 10 °C for 15 min

D

Room-temperature mud for 10 min

Q72

Which gait training principle emphasizes the importance of "task specificity" in recovering functional ambulation?

A

Progression from supine to upright positions

B

Practicing walking on varied surfaces and obstacles

C

Increasing the number of repetitions irrespective of context

D

Focusing solely on strengthening exercises

Q73

In acute bronchitis, steam inhalation primarily provides relief through which mechanism?

A

Direct antibiotic effect on bronchial mucosa

B

Humidification loosening mucus and improving mucociliary clearance

C

Systemic vasodilation reducing airway edema

D

Reflex vagal stimulation of cough center

Q74

During a therapeutic fast, which yoga practice is specifically recommended to support detoxification without raising metabolic demand?

A

Nadi Shodhana (alternate nostril breathing)

B

Surya Namaskar (vigorous flow)

C

Kapalabhati (rapid exhalations)

D

Bhastrika (bellows breath)

Q75

In assessing elbow flexion, which anatomical landmarks are used to align the stationary arm of a universal goniometer?

A

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus as the fulcrum, lateral mid-forearm as the moving arm, and the lateral mid-upper arm as the stationary arm

B

Medial epicondyle of the humerus as the fulcrum, medial mid-forearm as the moving arm, and the medial mid-upper arm as the stationary arm

C

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus as the fulcrum, medial mid-forearm as the moving arm, and the lateral mid-upper arm as the stationary arm

D

Medial epicondyle of the humerus as the fulcrum, lateral mid-forearm as the moving arm, and the medial mid-upper arm as the stationary arm

Q76

The enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II is:

A

Renin

B

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

C

Aldosterone synthase

D

Angiotensinogenase

Q77

A practitioner focusing on 'The Terrain' rather than 'The Seed' in a holistic approach is emphasizing which of the following?

A

The virulence of the infecting microorganism

B

The internal environment and susceptibility of the patient

C

The speed of the transmission of the pathogen

D

The specific classification of the virus

Q78

In postural correction, the term "reciprocal inhibition" refers to:

A

Simultaneous contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles

B

Relaxation of a muscle following activation of its antagonist

C

Increased neural drive to a weakened muscle during fatigue

D

Enhanced proprioceptive feedback from skin receptors

Q79

When practicing heliotherapy, which body posture is recommended to ensure uniform exposure of anterior and posterior surfaces:

A

Supine with arms abducted

B

Prone with forehead resting on hands

C

Sitting upright with spine straight

D

Lateral recumbent

Q80

Which of the following best describes a drug with a high therapeutic index?

A

Small margin between effective and toxic doses

B

Large margin between effective and toxic doses

C

Requires frequent plasma level monitoring

D

Usually administered intravenously

Q81

Which probiotic strain has the strongest evidence in Nepalese naturopathic literature for augmenting natural killer (NK) cell activity in healthy adults?

A

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

B

Bifidobacterium lactis HN019

C

Lactobacillus plantarum

D

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Q82

Which two limbs are collectively classified as the "external" (bahya) limbs of Ashtanga Yoga?

A

Yama and Niyama

B

Asana and Prāṇāyāma

C

Pratyāhāra and Dhāraṇā

D

Dhyāna and Samādhi

Q83

Which of the following describes the characteristic property of the Vayu (Air) element in the human body as per panchabhuta philosophy?

A

Cohesiveness and liquidity

B

Stability and hardness

C

Mobility and dryness

D

Illumination and heat

Q84

The acupuncture point located 2 cun above the transverse wrist crease on the forearm, used for nausea and vomiting, is:

A

PC6 (Neiguan)

B

LI11 (Quchi)

C

ST36 (Zusanli)

D

CV6 (Qihai)

Q85

Which of the following interventions is most likely to suppress vis medicatrix naturae?

A

Adequate rest

B

Chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs

C

Balanced diet

D

Light exercise

Q86

In the context of Prana flow, 'Surya Bhedana' pranayama specifically targets the activation of which nadi?

A

Ida Nadi

B

Pingala Nadi

C

Sushumna Nadi

D

Kanda Nadi

Q87

Which supine asana most effectively stretches the rectus femoris and relieves anterior thigh tightness?

A

Supta Padangusthasana

B

Supta Virasana

C

Supta Baddha Konasana

D

Supta Matsyendrasana

Q88

Which essential oil is most appropriate for inhalation to reduce nasal congestion in a patient with allergic rhinitis?

A

Peppermint

B

Lavender

C

Tea tree

D

Eucalyptus

Q89

Alternating the north and south poles of a magnet during a treatment session is intended to achieve what therapeutic purpose?

A

Prevent tissue habituation

B

Increase magnetic flux density

C

Reduce patient discomfort

D

Enhance static field uniformity

Q90

During Surya Namaskara, which bandha is traditionally engaged when transitioning from Chaturanga Dandasana to Urdhva Mukha Svanasana?

A

Mula Bandha (root lock)

B

Uddiyana Bandha (abdominal lock)

C

Jalandhara Bandha (throat lock)

D

No bandha is specifically emphasized in this transition

Q91

Which indicates the attribute Purity?

A

Rajas

B

Sattva

C

None

D

Tamas

Q92

Purak, Rechak, Kumbhak are the steps of:

A

Kapalbhati

B

Meditation

C

Pranayam

D

Bandha

Q93

How does yoga class usually begin?

A

Prayer

B

Mantra

C

Surya namaskar

D

All

Q94

Which of the following best describes the 'Brahmacharya' aspect of the Yamas when applied to general energy management in Naturopathy?

A

Complete celibacy for all patients

B

The moderation and right direction of vital energy (Ojas)

C

Avoiding all forms of physical contact

D

Practicing only during the lunar cycle

Q95

Which of the following is the most appropriate dietary recommendation for a patient transitioning from a conventional diet to a raw food diet to avoid gastrointestinal distress?

A

Immediate total replacement of cooked foods with raw foods

B

Gradual introduction of raw vegetables and fruits over several weeks

C

Complete elimination of all fiber-rich foods

D

Consuming raw legumes without soaking or sprouting

Q96

During open‑air therapy, which breathing pattern is taught to maximize diaphragmatic excursion and improve thoracic mobility?

A

Shallow thoracic breathing with pursed‑lip exhalation

B

Rapid chest breathing synchronized with steps

C

Deep diaphragmatic breathing with slow nasal inhalation and gentle mouth exhalation

D

Forceful abdominal thrusts on exhalation

Q97

A patient is taking a drug that inhibits the enzyme Monoamine Oxidase (MAOI). Which dietary component must they avoid to prevent a hypertensive crisis?

A

High-potassium foods

B

Tyramine-rich foods (e.g., aged cheese)

C

High-glucose foods

D

Vitamin K-rich green leafy vegetables

Q98

The 'cun' is a traditional unit of measurement used in acupuncture. How is one 'cun' typically defined in clinical practice?

A

Exactly 1 centimeter regardless of patient size

B

The width of the patient's own thumb at the distal joint

C

The distance from the wrist to the elbow

D

The diameter of the acupuncture needle

Q99

According to Patanjali's Yoga Sutras, which of the following is the primary cause of all other kleshas?

A

Raga

B

Dvesha

C

Avidya

D

Abhinivesha

Q100

Which of the following is the correct definition of 'step length' in gait analysis?

A

The distance between two successive heel strikes of the same foot

B

The distance between the point of initial contact of one foot and the initial contact of the opposite foot

C

The total distance covered in one minute of walking

D

The width between the two heels during the stance phase